Purification and separation techniques

Cylindrical Filter Volume Calculator: Calculate Volume, Empty Bed Contact Time, and Velocity

Mon, 01 Apr 2024 14:27:23 GMT

Streamline Filtration Design with Our Cylindrical Filter Volume Calculator

In industries ranging from water treatment to chemical processing, precise filtration design is paramount for optimal efficiency. Our Cylindrical Filter Volume Calculator empowers engineers, designers, and enthusiasts alike to streamline this process with ease.

How to Use Our Cylindrical Filter Volume Calculator

Step 1: Input Parameters

Begin by entering essential parameters: the radius and height of your cylindrical filter. These values are fundamental for accurately determining the volume, a critical factor in filter design.

Step 2: Optional Flow Rate

For enhanced precision, input the flow rate if available. This optional parameter enables our calculator to calculate additional metrics, such as empty bed contact time and velocity, providing comprehensive insights into your filtration system.

Step 3: Obtain Results

With a simple click, our calculator generates detailed results tailored to your input. Instantly access crucial data, including filter volume, empty bed contact time, and velocity. These insights are invaluable for optimizing filtration performance and ensuring system efficiency.

Why Use Our Cylindrical Filter Volume Calculator?

Efficiency Optimization:

By accurately calculating the volume of your cylindrical filter, you can fine-tune your filtration system for optimal performance. Our calculator provides insights into crucial metrics, allowing you to identify areas for improvement and enhance efficiency.

Time-Saving:

Streamline the design process with our user-friendly calculator. Eliminate the need for manual calculations and complex formulas, saving valuable time and resources. With instant results at your fingertips, you can expedite the filtration design process and focus on other critical tasks.

Precision Engineering:

Ensure precision in filtration system design with our calculator's comprehensive metrics. From volume calculations to empty bed contact time and velocity analysis, our tool delivers detailed insights for informed decision-making. By leveraging these metrics, you can engineer filtration systems that meet the highest standards of performance and reliability.

Accessibility:

Accessible to professionals and enthusiasts alike, our calculator simplifies the filtration design process. Whether you're a seasoned engineer or a novice enthusiast, our intuitive interface makes it easy to obtain accurate results. Empower yourself with the tools needed to optimize filtration efficiency and achieve superior results.

With our Cylindrical Filter Volume Calculator, achieving optimal filtration efficiency has never been easier. Start optimizing your filtration system today and unlock the potential for enhanced performance and reliability.

Explaining volume, EBCT and Velocity

Volume:

Volume refers to the amount of space occupied by a substance or object, typically measured in cubic units such as cubic meters or cubic feet. In the context of filtration systems, volume plays a crucial role in determining the capacity and efficiency of the filter. Knowing the volume of a filter allows engineers to understand its holding capacity, enabling them to design systems that can handle specific volumes of fluid or particles effectively. By accurately calculating the volume, filtration system designers can ensure optimal performance and prevent issues such as overloading or inadequate filtration capacity.

Empty Bed Contact Time:

Empty Bed Contact Time (EBCT) is a critical parameter used in the design and analysis of filtration systems, particularly in water treatment and wastewater treatment applications. It represents the average time that a fluid spends in contact with the filter media when the filter is empty, i.e., before any particulate matter or contaminants accumulate within the filter bed. EBCT is calculated by dividing the volume of the filter bed by the flow rate of the fluid passing through it. This metric is essential for determining the effectiveness of filtration processes, as it influences the degree of contact between the fluid and the filter media. A longer EBCT generally results in improved filtration efficiency and removal of contaminants.

Velocity:

Velocity refers to the speed or rate at which something moves in a particular direction, typically measured in units such as meters per second (m/s) or feet per minute (ft/min). In the context of filtration systems, velocity often refers to the flow velocity of the fluid passing through the filter media. This parameter is crucial for assessing the performance and efficiency of the filtration process. A higher flow velocity can help prevent clogging and ensure adequate distribution of fluid throughout the filter bed, while a lower velocity may be necessary for achieving optimal filtration and retention of particulate matter. By analyzing the velocity of fluid flow, engineers can optimize filtration system design to achieve the desired level of filtration efficiency and throughput while minimizing energy consumption and maintenance requirements.

Artificial Intelligence Poised to Disrupt Major Chemical Companies' Dominance

Sat, 08 Jul 2023 05:22:53 GMT

BASF, DOW, Sinopec, SABIC, A.I. is coming for your lunch!

In the realm of industrial processes, artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a powerful force, revolutionizing various sectors by optimizing operations, enhancing efficiency, and streamlining decision-making. Now, AI is set to unleash its potential on major chemical companies like BASF, Sinopec, Dow, and SABIC, signaling a significant shift in the landscape of this traditional industry. As AI technologies continue to advance, these chemical giants are finding themselves at a crossroads, where embracing AI could be the key to staying ahead of the game.

Redefining Chemical Manufacturing

The advent of AI has ushered in a new era of chemical manufacturing, offering unparalleled opportunities for process optimization and innovation. Traditionally, chemical companies have relied on extensive manual labor, trial-and-error experiments, and complex production processes. However, with the integration of AI, these labor-intensive methods are being replaced by intelligent systems capable of analyzing vast amounts of data, optimizing production lines, and predicting outcomes with unprecedented accuracy.

One of the primary areas where AI is making significant headway is in process optimization. By leveraging machine learning algorithms, AI systems can scrutinize countless variables, including temperature, pressure, catalysts, and raw material composition, to identify optimal conditions that maximize efficiency and minimize waste. This results in improved yields, reduced energy consumption, and enhanced sustainability, enabling chemical companies to operate in a more environmentally friendly and cost-effective manner.

AI's Impact on Research and Development

The research and development (R&D) departments of chemical companies are also set to be transformed by AI. Traditionally, R&D has involved laborious experimentation and extensive trial-and-error processes to develop new products or improve existing ones. With AI, chemical companies can harness the power of predictive modeling and simulation to accelerate the discovery and development of innovative materials and chemical compounds.

AI algorithms can analyze vast databases of chemical structures, properties, and reactions to identify potential candidates for specific applications. Furthermore, AI can simulate various scenarios and predict the behavior of chemical compounds under different conditions, significantly reducing the time and resources required for experimentation. This accelerated R&D process not only enables chemical companies to bring new products to market faster but also opens up possibilities for breakthrough innovations that were once unimaginable.

Challenges and Opportunities

While the integration of AI brings forth immense opportunities, it is not without its challenges. Embracing AI technologies requires substantial investments in infrastructure, data management systems, and skilled personnel. Chemical companies need to ensure that their workforce is adequately trained to adapt to these changes and work alongside AI systems. Additionally, addressing concerns regarding data security and privacy is paramount, especially when dealing with proprietary formulas and sensitive research information.

However, the benefits far outweigh the challenges. Chemical companies that embrace AI can gain a competitive edge by optimizing processes, reducing costs, and accelerating innovation. By automating routine tasks and leveraging AI's analytical capabilities, experts in the field can focus on more strategic endeavors, such as developing new business models, exploring novel markets, and enhancing customer experiences.

Conclusion

Artificial intelligence is poised to disrupt the status quo in the chemical industry, with major players like BASF, Sinopec, Dow, and SABIC on the cusp of a transformative shift. By embracing AI technologies, these companies can unlock new levels of efficiency, sustainability, and innovation. The integration of AI into chemical manufacturing processes and research and development activities heralds a new era, where data-driven insights and intelligent systems will redefine how chemicals are produced, formulated, and utilized. As AI continues to evolve and mature, chemical companies that fail to adapt risk being left behind in an increasingly competitive landscape.

Solving Cloudy Water in Aquariums with Purification Technology

Mon, 02 Jan 2023 10:47:01 GMT

How to Solve The Cloudy Water Issue

What Causes Cloudy Water in Aquariums

Cloudy water in aquariums can be caused by a variety of factors, including excess food, waste, and algae. It can also be caused by high levels of nitrogen compounds, such as ammonia and nitrite, which can be toxic to fish and other aquatic life.

How Purification Technology Can Help

One way to solve cloudy water in aquariums is by using purification technology, such as filters and UV sterilizers. These devices work to remove excess waste and toxins from the water, making it clearer and healthier for your aquatic pets.

Types of Filters for Aquariums

There are several types of filters available for aquariums, each with its own benefits and drawbacks. Some common types include mechanical filters, which use mechanical media such as sponges or pads to remove waste and particles from the water; biological filters, which use beneficial bacteria to break down waste and toxins; and chemical filters, which use chemicals such as activated carbon to remove impurities from the water.

Using UV Sterilizers to Kill Algae and Bacteria

UV sterilizers are another useful tool for solving cloudy water in aquariums. These devices use ultraviolet light to kill algae and bacteria, helping to keep the water clean and clear. UV sterilizers are particularly effective at controlling algae blooms, which can cause cloudy water and other problems in aquariums.

Tips for Maintaining Clear Water in Aquariums

In addition to using purification technology, there are a few other things you can do to maintain clear water in your aquarium. Here are some tips:

Keep up with regular water changes: This helps to remove excess waste and toxins from the water and can help prevent cloudy water.
Don't overfeed your fish: Excess food can contribute to cloudy water and can also lead to other problems such as high levels of nitrogen compounds.
Use a water conditioner: Water conditioners help to remove chlorine and other impurities from tap water, which can help prevent cloudy water.
Regularly clean your filters: Filters need to be cleaned regularly to maintain their effectiveness. Make sure to follow the manufacturer's instructions for cleaning your filter.

Overall, purification technology is a valuable tool for solving cloudy water in aquariums. By using filters and UV sterilizers, you can help keep your aquatic pets healthy and your water clear and clean. By following a few simple tips, you can help prevent cloudy water from becoming a problem in the first place.

Preventing Parasitic Infections in Aquariums: Tips and Techniques

Mon, 02 Jan 2023 10:40:10 GMT

How to Solve the Parasite Issue in Aquariums

What are Aquatic Parasites and How Do They Affect Aquariums?

Aquatic parasites are small organisms that live on or within other animals, known as hosts, and feed off of them in order to survive. In aquariums, these parasites can infect fish, invertebrates, and even plants. Common types of aquatic parasites include protozoa, worms, and ectoparasites (parasites that live on the surface of the host's body).

Parasitic infections can cause a variety of health problems for aquarium inhabitants, including weight loss, impaired movement, and even death. They can also weaken the immune system of the host, making them more susceptible to other diseases. In addition to the harm they cause to individual animals, parasitic infections can also spread rapidly within an aquarium, leading to widespread illness and death.

Preventative Measures for Controlling Parasitic Infections

There are several steps that you can take to prevent parasitic infections in your aquarium:

Quarantine new aquatic life before introducing them to your main tank. This will allow you to observe them for any signs of illness and to treat them before they can spread any potential infections to your other animals.
Practice good hygiene when handling your aquarium and its inhabitants. Wash your hands before and after handling your aquatic pets, and use separate tools and equipment for different tanks to prevent the spread of parasites.
Use a high-quality, parasite-inhibiting substrate in your aquarium. This can help to prevent the establishment and spread of parasites in the tank.
Feed your aquatic pets a varied and nutritious diet. A healthy diet can help to boost their immune system and make them less susceptible to parasitic infections.

Mechanical Methods for Removing Parasites

If you suspect that your aquarium inhabitants are infected with parasites, there are several mechanical methods that you can use to remove them. These include:

Using a fine-mesh net to remove parasites that are visible on the surface of the host's body
Utilizing a protein skimmer to remove parasites and other organic matter from the water through a process of foam fractionation
Using a siphon or gravel vacuum to physically remove parasites from the aquarium

Chemical Methods for Controlling Parasitic Infections

In some cases, mechanical methods may not be sufficient to fully remove parasites from an aquarium. In these situations, chemical methods may be necessary to completely eliminate the problem. These methods include:

Using medications specifically designed to kill parasites, such as antiparasitic drugs or copper-based compounds
Adding chemicals to the water that can bind with excess nutrients, making them unavailable for parasites to use for growth
Using ozone or ultraviolet light to kill parasites

It is important to use caution when using chemical methods for controlling parasitic infections, as some chemicals can be harmful to aquarium inhabitants if not used properly. It is always a good idea to thoroughly research any chemicals that you plan to use in your aquarium and to follow the manufacturer's instructions carefully.

Treatment and Prevention of Future Infections

Once you have successfully treated a parasitic infection in your aquarium, it is important to take steps to prevent future infections from occurring. These steps include:

Continuing to quarantine new aquatic life before introducing them to your main tank
Practicing good hygiene when handling your aquarium and its inhabitants
Using a high-quality, parasite-inhibiting substrate in the tank
Feeding your aquatic pets a varied and nutritious diet to boost their immune system
Regularly performing water changes to remove excess nutrients and debris that can contribute to the growth of parasites
Using appropriate lighting and maintaining a stable temperature in the aquarium, as some parasites thrive in certain conditions

Conclusion

Parasitic infections can be harmful to the health and well-being of your aquarium inhabitants. By taking preventative measures and utilizing mechanical and chemical methods as needed, you can effectively control and prevent these infections. By following these tips and techniques, you can ensure that your aquarium remains a healthy and happy home for all of its inhabitants.

Effective Strategies for Preventing Bacterial Infections in Aquariums

Mon, 02 Jan 2023 10:33:14 GMT

How to Solve The Bacterial Infection Issues in Your Aquarium

What are Bacterial Infections and Why are they a Problem in Aquariums?

Bacterial infections can be a serious issue in aquariums, as they can cause illness and even death in fish and other aquatic animals. Bacteria are found naturally in all aquariums, and while most are harmless, some types can cause infections when they multiply to high levels. Common symptoms of bacterial infections in aquarium animals include lethargy, loss of appetite, and visible changes in the skin, fins, or eyes.

Preventative Measures for Reducing the Risk of Bacterial Infections

There are several preventative measures that you can take to reduce the risk of bacterial infections in your aquarium. These include:

Regularly performing water changes to remove excess nutrients and reduce the risk of bacterial blooms
Ensuring that the aquarium has sufficient filtration and circulation to maintain water quality
Using a high-quality, bacteria-inhibiting substrate in the aquarium
Avoiding overfeeding your aquatic pets, as excess food can contribute to bacterial growth
Quarantining new aquatic animals before introducing them to the main aquarium to prevent the spread of disease

Mechanical Methods for Reducing Bacterial Populations

If bacterial infections are already a problem in your aquarium, there are several mechanical methods that you can use to reduce bacterial populations. These include:

Using a protein skimmer, which can remove bacteria and other organic matter from the water through a process of foam fractionation
Utilizing UV sterilizers, which use ultraviolet light to kill bacteria cells
Using ozone generators, which can help to kill bacteria and other microorganisms in the water

Chemical Methods for Controlling Bacterial Growth

In some cases, mechanical methods may not be sufficient to fully control bacterial infections in an aquarium. In these situations, chemical methods may be necessary to completely eliminate the problem. These methods include:

Using antibiotics, which are specifically designed to kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria
Adding chemicals to the water that can bind with excess nutrients, making them unavailable for bacteria to use for growth

It is important to use caution when using chemical methods for controlling bacterial growth, as some chemicals can be harmful to aquarium inhabitants if not used properly. It is always a good idea to thoroughly research any chemicals that you plan to use in your aquarium and to follow the manufacturer's instructions carefully.

Conclusion

Bacterial infections can be a serious issue in aquariums, causing illness and even death in fish and other aquatic animals. By taking preventative measures and utilizing mechanical and chemical methods as needed, you can effectively prevent and control bacterial infections and maintain a healthy and safe aquarium environment.

Effective Strategies for Controlling Algae Growth in Aquariums

Mon, 02 Jan 2023 10:23:34 GMT

How to Solve The Algae Growth Issue

What is Algae and Why is it a Problem in Aquariums?

Algae is a type of aquatic plant that can thrive in a variety of environments, including aquariums. While a small amount of algae is normal and even beneficial in an aquarium, excessive algae growth can be unsightly and harmful to the health of your aquatic life. Excess algae can block light from reaching other plants, leading to their death, and can also consume oxygen that is necessary for the survival of fish and other aquarium inhabitants.

Preventative Measures for Controlling Algae Growth

There are several preventative measures that you can take to reduce the risk of algae growth in your aquarium. These include:

Ensuring that the aquarium has sufficient filtration and circulation
Regularly performing water changes to remove excess nutrients that can fuel algae growth
Using a high-quality, algae-inhibiting substrate in the aquarium
Avoiding overfeeding your aquatic pets, as excess food can contribute to algae growth
Using appropriate lighting for the plants and animals in the aquarium, as too much light can encourage algae growth

Mechanical Methods for Removing Algae

If algae growth is already a problem in your aquarium, there are several mechanical methods that you can use to remove it. These include:

Scraping or scrubbing the algae from surfaces using a soft-bristled brush or algae scraper
Using a siphon or gravel vacuum to physically remove the algae from the aquarium
Utilizing a protein skimmer, which can remove algae and other organic matter from the water through a process of foam fractionation

Chemical Methods for Controlling Algae Growth

In some cases, mechanical methods may not be sufficient to fully remove algae from an aquarium. In these situations, chemical methods may be necessary to completely eliminate the problem. These methods include:

Using algaecides, which are chemicals specifically designed to kill algae
Adding chemicals to the water that can bind with excess nutrients, making them unavailable for algae to use for growth
Using ozone or ultraviolet light to kill algae cells

It is important to use caution when using chemical methods for controlling algae growth, as some chemicals can be harmful to aquarium inhabitants if not used properly. It is always a good idea to thoroughly research any chemicals that you plan to use in your aquarium and to follow the manufacturer's instructions carefully.

Conclusion

Algae growth in aquariums can be unsightly and harmful to the health of your aquatic life. By taking preventative measures and utilizing mechanical and chemical methods as needed, you can effectively control algae growth and maintain a healthy and beautiful aquarium.

Maintaining Adequate Oxygen Levels in Aquariums: Tips and Techniques

Mon, 02 Jan 2023 10:15:01 GMT

How to Solve the Low Oxygen Issue

Low oxygen levels in aquariums can be a serious problem, as fish and other aquatic life depend on oxygen to survive. Oxygen is essential for the respiration and overall health of aquatic life, and low levels can lead to stress, illness, and even death.

Fortunately, there are several effective techniques and technologies available for maintaining adequate oxygen levels in aquariums. In this article, we will explore some of the most effective methods for solving this problem, including:

Proper aeration
Live plants
Using a protein skimmer
Using an oxygen supplement

Proper aeration

One of the most important factors in maintaining adequate oxygen levels in an aquarium is proper aeration. This can be achieved through the use of an air pump, which helps to oxygenate the water and create a healthy environment for fish and other aquatic life. It is generally recommended to use an air pump that is appropriate for the size of the aquarium, and to check the pump regularly to ensure that it is functioning properly.

Live plants

Another effective way to maintain oxygen levels in an aquarium is by using live plants. Not only do live plants help to oxygenate the water and provide a natural habitat for fish, but they also consume carbon dioxide and produce oxygen as part of their natural growth process. Some of the best plants for maintaining oxygen levels in aquariums include water lettuce, hornwort, and Java fern.

Using a protein skimmer

A protein skimmer is a device that removes organic matter, such as proteins and other contaminants, from the water, helping to keep the water clean and clear. Protein skimmers work by creating a stream of small air bubbles, which attract and remove organic matter from the water. In addition to improving water quality, protein skimmers can also help to oxygenate the water, making them a useful tool for maintaining adequate oxygen levels in an aquarium.

Using an oxygen supplement

In some cases, it may be necessary to use an oxygen supplement to maintain adequate oxygen levels in an aquarium. Oxygen supplements are available in the form of liquid or powder, and can be added to the water to increase the oxygen content. It is important to use oxygen supplements carefully, as overuse can lead to other problems such as pH imbalances.

In conclusion, low oxygen levels in aquariums can be a serious issue for fish and other aquatic life, but fortunately, there are several effective techniques and technologies available for maintaining adequate oxygen levels. By using proper aeration, live plants, a protein skimmer, and an oxygen supplement, you can help to ensure that your aquarium has the oxygen it needs to support the health and well-being of your aquatic life.

Reducing High Phosphate Levels in Aquariums: Tips and Techniques

Mon, 02 Jan 2023 10:07:25 GMT

How to Solve the Phosphate Issue in Aquariums

High phosphate levels in aquariums can be a common problem, as phosphates are a natural part of the water and can come from a variety of sources such as fish food, tap water, and even the air. While small amounts of phosphates are not harmful to fish and other aquatic life, high levels can lead to a range of problems such as algae blooms, reduced oxygen levels, and decreased fertility.

Fortunately, there are several effective techniques and technologies available for reducing high phosphate levels in aquariums. In this article, we will explore some of the most effective methods for solving this problem, including:

Regular water changes
Using a phosphate-removing media
Using chemical filtration media
Adding phosphate-reducing bacteria

Regular water changes

One of the simplest and most effective ways to reduce high phosphate levels in an aquarium is by performing regular water changes. By replacing a portion of the water on a regular basis, you can help to dilute the concentration of phosphates and other contaminants, helping to keep levels in check. It is generally recommended to perform a water change of at least 25% every week or two.

Using a phosphate-removing media

Another effective method for reducing high phosphate levels in an aquarium is the use of a phosphate-removing media. This type of media is designed to absorb and remove phosphates from the water, helping to keep levels in check. There are several different types of phosphate-removing media available, including resin-based media, which can be placed in a filter or used as a standalone product, and ceramic media, which can be added to a filter or used in a media bag.

Using chemical filtration media

Another option for reducing high phosphate levels in aquariums is the use of chemical filtration media, such as activated carbon or phosphate-removing pads. These types of media are designed to absorb and remove phosphates from the water, helping to keep levels in check. It is important to regularly replace chemical filtration media, as it becomes saturated over time and loses its effectiveness.

Adding phosphate-reducing bacteria

Finally, adding phosphate-reducing bacteria to the aquarium can also help to reduce high phosphate levels. These bacteria consume phosphates as part of their natural growth process, helping to break down and convert them into less harmful substances. Phosphate-reducing bacteria can be added to the aquarium in the form of a liquid or dry culture, and are generally easy to use and maintain.

In conclusion, high phosphate levels in aquariums can be a common issue, but fortunately, there are several effective techniques and technologies available for reducing this problem. By performing regular water changes, using a phosphate-removing media, using chemical filtration media, and adding phosphate-reducing bacteria, you can help to keep phosphate levels in check, ensuring the health and well-being of your aquatic life.

Controlling High Ammonia Levels in Aquariums: Tips and Techniques

Mon, 02 Jan 2023 09:59:12 GMT

How to Solve High Ammonia Issues in Aquariums

High ammonia levels in aquariums can be a serious problem, as ammonia is toxic to fish and other aquatic life. Ammonia is produced as a result of the breakdown of fish waste and other organic matter, and while it is a natural part of the nitrogen cycle in an aquarium, high levels can be harmful or even deadly to fish.

Fortunately, there are several effective techniques and technologies available for controlling high ammonia levels in aquariums. In this article, we will explore some of the most effective methods for solving this problem, including:

Regular water changes
Using a protein skimmer
Using chemical filtration media
Adding beneficial bacteria

Regular water changes

One of the simplest and most effective ways to control high ammonia levels in an aquarium is by performing regular water changes. By replacing a portion of the water on a regular basis, you can help to dilute the concentration of ammonia and other contaminants, helping to keep levels in check. It is generally recommended to perform a water change of at least 25% every week or two.

Using a protein skimmer

Another effective method for controlling ammonia levels in an aquarium is the use of a protein skimmer. A protein skimmer is a device that removes organic matter, such as proteins and other contaminants, from the water, helping to keep the water clean and clear. Protein skimmers work by creating a stream of small air bubbles, which attract and remove organic matter from the water.

Using chemical filtration media

Another option for controlling ammonia levels in aquariums is the use of chemical filtration media, such as activated carbon or ammonia-removing pads. These types of media are designed to absorb and remove ammonia from the water, helping to keep levels in check. It is important to regularly replace chemical filtration media, as it becomes saturated over time and loses its effectiveness.

Adding beneficial bacteria

Finally, adding beneficial bacteria to the aquarium can also help to control high ammonia levels. These bacteria consume ammonia as part of their natural growth process, helping to break down and convert it into less harmful substances. Beneficial bacteria can be added to the aquarium in the form of a liquid or dry culture, and are generally easy to use and maintain.

In conclusion, high ammonia levels in aquariums can be a serious issue for fish and other aquatic life, but fortunately, there are several effective techniques and technologies available for controlling this problem. By performing regular water changes, using a protein skimmer, using chemical filtration media, and adding beneficial bacteria, you can help to keep ammonia levels in check, ensuring the health and well-being of your aquatic life.

Effective Purification Technology: A Solution to High Nitrate Levels in Aquariums

Mon, 02 Jan 2023 09:51:38 GMT

How to Solve The Nitrate Issue in Aquariums

Nitrate levels in aquariums can be a common issue for fish tank owners, as high nitrate levels can have negative effects on the health and well-being of the aquatic life. Nitrates are formed as a result of the breakdown of fish waste, uneaten food, and other organic matter, and while they are not harmful in small amounts, high levels can lead to problems such as algae blooms, reduced oxygen levels, and decreased fertility.

Fortunately, there are several effective purification technologies available that can help to reduce and control nitrate levels in aquariums. In this article, we will explore some of the most effective methods for solving high nitrate levels, including:

Nitrate-removing media
Live plants
Regular water changes
Nitrate-reducing bacteria

Nitrate-removing media

One of the most popular methods for reducing nitrates in aquariums is the use of nitrate-removing media. This type of media is designed to absorb and remove nitrates from the water, helping to keep levels in check. There are several different types of nitrate-removing media available, including resin-based media, which can be placed in a filter or used as a standalone product, and ceramic media, which can be added to a filter or used in a media bag.

Live plants

Another effective way to control nitrate levels in aquariums is by using live plants. Not only do live plants help to oxygenate the water and provide a natural habitat for fish, but they also absorb nitrates as part of their natural growth process. Some of the best plants for reducing nitrates in aquariums include water lettuce, hornwort, and Java fern.

Regular water changes

One of the simplest and most effective ways to reduce nitrate levels in an aquarium is by performing regular water changes. By replacing a portion of the water on a regular basis, you can help to dilute the concentration of nitrates and other contaminants, helping to keep levels in check. It is generally recommended to perform a water change of at least 25% every week or two.

Nitrate-reducing bacteria

Another option for reducing nitrate levels in aquariums is the use of nitrate-reducing bacteria. These bacteria are designed to break down nitrates and other organic compounds, helping to keep levels in check. Nitrate-reducing bacteria can be added to the aquarium in the form of a liquid or dry culture, and are generally easy to use and maintain.

In conclusion, high nitrate levels in aquariums can be a common issue for fish tank owners, but fortunately, there are several effective purification technologies available that can help to solve this problem. By using nitrate-removing media, live plants, regular water changes, and nitrate-reducing bacteria, you can help to reduce and control nitrate levels in your aquarium, ensuring the health and well-being of your aquatic life.

Measuring Impurities in Water: The Importance of Testing Kits and Laboratory Equipment

Thu, 29 Dec 2022 16:27:43 GMT

This article describes 11 common impurities that can be found in water and how to measure them.

Chlorine

Chlorine is a commonly used chemical in water treatment plants to kill harmful bacteria and pathogens. However, excessive levels of chlorine can lead to health issues such as skin irritation, respiratory problems, and eye irritation. Testing for chlorine levels can be done using a DPD test kit, which measures the amount of free chlorine in water. This test kit uses a colorimetric method, which involves adding a chemical reagent to the water sample and comparing the resulting color to a standard chart to determine the concentration of chlorine.

Iron

Iron is a naturally occurring element that can be found in water sources. While small amounts of iron are not harmful, excessive levels can lead to an unpleasant taste and appearance of water. Iron can also cause damage to pipes and appliances, such as washing machines and water heaters. To test for iron levels, a water sample can be sent to a laboratory for analysis using an atomic absorption spectrometer. This equipment uses the absorption of light by a sample to determine the concentration of a specific element, in this case iron.

Lead

Lead is a toxic metal that can be found in water sources due to the corrosion of pipes or the presence of lead in soil. Lead can have serious health effects, particularly in children, as it can cause developmental delays and behavioral problems. To test for lead in water, a laboratory can use an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS). This equipment uses a plasma torch to ionize the sample and measure the mass-to-charge ratio of the resulting ions to determine the concentration of lead.

Nitrates

Nitrates are nitrogen-containing compounds that can be found in water sources due to agricultural runoff or the presence of sewage. High levels of nitrates can lead to health issues such as methemoglobinemia, a condition that reduces the ability of blood to carry oxygen. To test for nitrates in water, a water sample can be sent to a laboratory for analysis using a spectrophotometer. This equipment measures the absorption of light by a sample at a specific wavelength to determine the concentration of a specific compound, in this case nitrates.

Phosphates

Phosphates are compounds that contain phosphorus and can be found in water sources due to agricultural runoff or the use of fertilizers. High levels of phosphates can lead to the growth of algae, which can cause problems such as reduced water clarity and oxygen levels. To test for phosphates in water, a water sample can be sent to a laboratory for analysis using a colorimetric test kit. This kit involves adding a chemical reagent to the water sample and comparing the resulting color to a standard chart to determine the concentration of phosphates.

Arsenic

Arsenic is a toxic chemical that can be found in water sources due to the presence of minerals or industrial waste. Exposure to arsenic can lead to health issues such as skin irritation, nausea, and even death. To test for arsenic in water, a laboratory can use a hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometer (HGAAS). This equipment uses a chemical reaction to generate a gas containing arsenic, which is then measured using an atomic absorption spectrometer to determine the concentration of arsenic.

Bacteria

Bacteria are microorganisms that can be found in water sources and can cause health issues such as diarrhea, dysentery, and other illnesses. To test for bacteria in water, a water sample can be sent to a laboratory for analysis using a bacterial growth medium. This medium contains nutrients that allow bacteria to grow, which can then be counted and identified to determine the presence and type of bacteria in the water sample.

Fecal coliforms

Fecal coliforms are a type of bacteria that are present in the feces of warm-blooded animals and can indicate the presence of sewage or other contaminants in water. Testing for fecal coliforms can be done using a test kit that utilizes a specific type of growth medium called a multiple-tube fermentation technique. This technique involves adding the water sample to a series of tubes containing the growth medium, which is then incubated at a specific temperature to allow the bacteria to grow. The presence of fecal coliforms is then determined by the amount of gas produced during the fermentation process.

Fluoride

Fluoride is a chemical element that can be found in water sources due to the presence of minerals or the addition of fluoride to water for dental health purposes. However, excessive levels of fluoride can lead to health issues such as dental fluorosis, which causes the discoloration or pitting of teeth. To test for fluoride in water, a water sample can be sent to a laboratory for analysis using an ion-selective electrode. This equipment uses a sensor to measure the concentration of fluoride ions in the water sample based on the electrical potential difference between the sensor and the sample.

Heavy metals

Heavy metals are elements that have a high atomic weight and can be harmful to human health in large amounts. These metals can be found in water sources due to the presence of minerals or industrial waste. To test for heavy metals in water, a laboratory can use a flame atomic absorption spectrometer. This equipment uses a flame to vaporize the sample, which is then measured using an atomic absorption spectrometer to determine the concentration of heavy metals.

Pesticides

Pesticides are chemicals used to control pests such as insects, weeds, and fungi. These chemicals can be found in water sources due to the use of pesticides in agriculture or the presence of runoff from treated areas. To test for pesticides in water, a laboratory can use a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS). This equipment separates and analyzes the compounds in a sample using a combination of gas chromatography and mass spectrometry to identify and quantify the presence of pesticides.

In conclusion, there are various impurities that can be found in water and it is important to regularly test for these impurities to ensure the safety and quality of our water sources. Testing kits and laboratory equipment such as DPD test kits, atomic absorption spectrometers, spectrophotometers, and GC-MS can be used to accurately measure and identify these impurities. Regular testing and monitoring of water sources is crucial to protect the health and well-being of individuals and the environment.

Food and Beverage Treatment Solution Tool

Wed, 28 Dec 2022 22:23:10 GMT

Purification Toolbox:

Tools for selection of purification technology to support your needs;

Purification Technologies Selection Tool

Selection tool for Impurities in Water and Their Removal Technologies

Process Water Problem and Solution Tool

Pond Water Problem and Solution Tool

Aquarium Water Problem and Solution Tool

Food and Beverage Treatment Solution Tool

Chemicals Treatment Solution Tool

Water Treatment Solution Tool

How does the Food and Beverage Treatment Solution Tool Work?

The tool works by following the below steps:

Select an option from the dropdown menu which shows various food and beverage types and then select a common problem. When you select an option and problem, a solution and description of the purification technology that can be used to address the problem will appear below the dropdown menu.
Use the provided solution and purification technology to address the problem in your process. The solution and purification technology provided can help you effectively address the problem and maintain clean Food and Beverages.

We hope this tool is useful for you in finding a solution.

Chemical Treatment Solution Tool

Wed, 28 Dec 2022 22:03:18 GMT

Purification Toolbox:

Tools for selection of purification technology to support your needs;

Purification Technologies Selection Tool

Selection tool for Impurities in Water and Their Removal Technologies

Process Water Problem and Solution Tool

Pond Water Problem and Solution Tool

Aquarium Water Problem and Solution Tool

Food and Beverage Treatment Solution Tool

Chemicals Treatment Solution Tool

Water Treatment Solution Tool

How does the Chemicals Treatment Solution Tool Work?

The tool works by following the below steps:

Select an option from the dropdown menu which shows various chemical types and then select a common problem. When you select an option and problem, a solution and description of the purification technology that can be used to address the problem will appear below the dropdown menu.
Use the provided solution and purification technology to address the problem in your process. The solution and purification technology provided can help you effectively address the problem and maintain clean chemicals.

We hope this tool is useful for you in finding a solution.

Water Treatment Solution Tool

Wed, 28 Dec 2022 20:41:50 GMT

Purification Toolbox:

Tools for selection of purification technology to support your needs;

Purification Technologies Selection Tool

Selection tool for Impurities in Water and Their Removal Technologies

Process Water Problem and Solution Tool

Pond Water Problem and Solution Tool

Aquarium Water Problem and Solution Tool

Food and Beverage Treatment Solution Tool

Chemicals Treatment Solution Tool

Water Treatment Solution Tool

How does the Water Problem and Solution Tool Work?

Here's how the water purification tool works:

Choose a type of water from the dropdown menu.
Select a common problem related to that type of water.
Once you've made your selections, the tool will display a solution and description of the purification technology that can be used to solve the problem.
Use the provided solution and purification technology to address the problem in your own process.
By following these steps, you can effectively solve the problem and keep your water clean.

We hope you find this tool helpful in finding a solution!

Process Water Problem and Solution Tool

Wed, 28 Dec 2022 20:04:17 GMT

Purification Toolbox:

Tools for selection of purification technology to support your needs;

Purification Technologies Selection Tool

Selection tool for Impurities in Water and Their Removal Technologies

Process Water Problem and Solution Tool

Pond Water Problem and Solution Tool

Aquarium Water Problem and Solution Tool

Food and Beverage Treatment Solution Tool

Chemicals Treatment Solution Tool

Water Treatment Solution Tool

How does the Process Water Problem and Solution Tool Work?

The tool works by following the below steps:

Select an option from the dropdown menu. When you select an option, a solution and description of the purification technology that can be used to address the problem will appear below the dropdown menu.
Use the provided solution and purification technology to address the problem in your process. The solution and purification technology provided can help you effectively address the problem and maintain clean process water.

We hope this tool is useful for you in finding a solution.

Removing PFAS from Potable Water: The Role of Purification Technology

Wed, 28 Dec 2022 19:42:54 GMT

What are PFAS?

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a group of man-made chemicals that have been widely used in various industries, such as firefighting, textiles, and food packaging, due to their non-stick, water- and oil-repellent properties. They are also known as "forever chemicals" because they do not break down easily in the environment, making them persistent and potentially harmful to human health.

How do PFAS get into our water?

PFAS can enter the water supply through various sources, including industrial discharges, landfills, and military bases that used firefighting foams containing PFAS. They can also migrate from soil and water to crops, animals, and humans through the food chain.

Why do we need to remove PFAS from potable water?

PFAS have been linked to a range of negative health effects, including cancer, immune system suppression, hormonal imbalances, and developmental problems in children. In addition, PFAS can accumulate in the body over time and do not easily break down, making them a concern for long-term exposure. Therefore, it is important to remove PFAS from potable water to protect public health.

What are the current methods for removing PFAS from water?

There are several methods currently being used to remove PFAS from water, including the following:

Activated carbon filtration: This method involves passing the water through a filter made of activated carbon, which absorbs the PFAS molecules. This method is effective in removing a wide range of PFAS, but the filters need to be replaced frequently to maintain their effectiveness.

Reverse osmosis: This method uses pressure to force water through a membrane, which filters out the PFAS and other contaminants. Reverse osmosis is effective in removing a variety of contaminants, including PFAS, but it requires a large amount of energy and produces a significant amount of wastewater.

Ultraviolet oxidation: This method involves exposing the water to ultraviolet light, which breaks down the PFAS molecules into smaller, less harmful compounds. This method is effective in removing a wide range of PFAS, but it requires a large amount of energy and can be expensive to implement.

Advanced oxidation processes: These processes involve the use of chemicals or light to break down the PFAS molecules into smaller, less harmful compounds. Advanced oxidation processes are effective in removing a wide range of PFAS, but they can be expensive to implement and produce hazardous by-products.

What are the potential challenges and limitations of PFAS removal technologies?

There are several potential challenges and limitations to using these technologies to remove PFAS from water, including the following:

Cost: Many of the technologies used to remove PFAS from water are expensive to implement and maintain, which can be a barrier for smaller communities or municipalities.
By-products: Some of the technologies used to remove PFAS from water, such as advanced oxidation processes, can produce hazardous by-products that need to be properly managed and disposed of.
Effectiveness: Some of the technologies used to remove PFAS from water, such as activated carbon filtration and reverse osmosis, are not always effective in removing all types of PFAS.
Energy and water use: Some of the technologies used to remove PFAS from water, such as reverse osmosis and ultraviolet oxidation, require a large amount of energy and water, which can be a concern in terms of sustainability and resource conservation.

What are the emerging technologies for removing PFAS from water?

There are several emerging technologies that show promise for removing PFAS from water, including the following:

Membrane filtration: This technology uses a membrane with a small pore size to filter out PFAS and other contaminants from water. It is effective in removing a wide range of PFAS and has a low energy and water consumption compared to other technologies.
Nanofiltration: This technology uses a membrane with even smaller pore sizes to filter out PFAS and other contaminants from water. It is effective in removing a wide range of PFAS and has a low energy and water consumption compared to other technologies.
Electro-oxidation: This technology uses electricity to break down the PFAS molecules into smaller, less harmful compounds. It is effective in removing a wide range of PFAS and has a low energy and water consumption compared to other technologies.
Biological treatment: This technology uses microorganisms to break down the PFAS molecules into smaller, less harmful compounds. It is effective in removing a wide range of PFAS and has a low energy and water consumption compared to other technologies.

Conclusion

PFAS are a persistent and potentially harmful group of chemicals that have been widely used in various industries and can enter the water supply through various sources. It is important to remove PFAS from potable water to protect public health. There are several methods currently being used to remove PFAS from water, including activated carbon filtration, reverse osmosis, ultraviolet oxidation, and advanced oxidation processes. However, these technologies have their own challenges and limitations, such as cost, by-products, effectiveness, and energy and water use. There are also several emerging technologies that show promise for removing PFAS from water, including membrane filtration, nanofiltration, electro-oxidation, and biological treatment. It is important for communities and municipalities to consider the most appropriate and effective technologies for removing PFAS from their water supply, based on their specific needs and resources.

Easily solve pond water problems for crystal-clear results!

Tue, 27 Dec 2022 13:09:45 GMT

Purification Toolbox:

Tools for selection of purification technology to support your needs;

Purification Technologies Selection Tool

Selection tool for Impurities in Water and Their Removal Technologies

Process Water Problem and Solution Tool

Pond Water Problem and Solution Tool

Aquarium Water Problem and Solution Tool

Food and Beverage Treatment Solution Tool

Chemicals Treatment Solution Tool

Water Treatment Solution Tool

How does the Pond Water Problem and Solution Tool Work?

Welcome to our interactive tool designed to help you find solutions for your pond-related problems! Using this tool is simple and efficient, allowing you to maintain a healthy environment for your fish. Let's walk you through the steps:

Get started by selecting an option from the convenient dropdown menu. This menu offers a range of choices to address various pond issues, such as water quality, algae control, or fish health.

Once you've made your selection, the magic happens! A solution tailored to your specific problem will appear right below the dropdown menu. This solution comes complete with a detailed description of the purification technology recommended to tackle the issue effectively.

Armed with the provided solution and purification technology, you're now equipped to address the problem in your pond. By implementing these recommendations, you can confidently take action and resolve the issue at hand.

Our goal is to empower you with the knowledge and tools needed to maintain a thriving pond environment for your beloved fish. We understand the importance of a healthy ecosystem, and that's why we've created this user-friendly tool. By simplifying the process and providing targeted solutions, we aim to make your journey to a better pond a breeze.

We sincerely hope that this tool proves useful to you in finding the perfect solutions for your pond-related challenges. Feel free to explore and discover the best course of action for your specific needs. Happy pond keeping!

Aquarium Water Tool: Easy Solutions for Common Issues

Tue, 27 Dec 2022 13:00:38 GMT

Purification Toolbox:

Tools for selection of purification technology to support your needs;

Purification Technologies Selection Tool

Selection tool for Impurities in Water and Their Removal Technologies

Process Water Problem and Solution Tool

Pond Water Problem and Solution Tool

Aquarium Water Problem and Solution Tool

Food and Beverage Treatment Solution Tool

Chemicals Treatment Solution Tool

Water Treatment Solution Tool

How does the Aquarium Water Problem and Solution Tool Work?

Welcome to our user-friendly tool designed to help you find effective solutions for your aquarium! Here's how it works:

Step 1: Choose an Option

Begin by selecting an option from our convenient dropdown menu. Each option represents a specific problem you may be facing in your aquarium. Whether it's water cloudiness, algae growth, or pH imbalance, we've got you covered!

Step 2: Discover the Solution

Once you've made your selection, our tool will instantly generate a solution tailored to your chosen problem. Along with the solution, you'll find a detailed description of the purification technology that can be used to effectively address the issue.

Step 3: Take Action

Now that you have the solution and purification technology at your disposal, it's time to take action! Implement the provided solution and utilize the recommended purification technology to resolve the problem in your aquarium. By following these steps, you'll create and maintain a healthy environment for your fish to thrive.

We're here to make your aquarium-keeping journey easier and more enjoyable. Our goal is to provide you with a user-friendly tool that empowers you to find the best solutions for your aquarium-related challenges. We genuinely hope that our tool proves to be a valuable resource in your quest for a healthy and vibrant aquarium. Start exploring now and let us assist you in achieving aquarium success!

Aquarium Water Purification Handbook

Mon, 26 Dec 2022 07:42:57 GMT

A Guide to Aquarium Water Purification

1.Introduction to Aquarium Water Purification

What is aquarium water purification?

The importance of water purification in an aquarium

2. Contaminants in Aquarium Water

Types of contaminants that can be present in aquarium water

The effects of contaminants on aquarium inhabitants

3. Aquarium Filtration

Types of aquarium filtration systems

How filtration works to purify aquarium water

4. Water Changes

Why water changes are important in aquarium maintenance

How to perform a water change

5. Chemical Water Treatment

Types of chemical water treatment products

How to properly use chemical water treatment products

6. Biological Water Treatment

What is biological water treatment?

How to establish and maintain a biological filter in an aquarium

7. UV Sterilizers

How UV sterilizers work to purify aquarium water

The benefits and drawbacks of using UV sterilizers

8. Ozone Generators

What is ozone and how does it purify water?

The benefits and drawbacks of using ozone generators

9. Protein Skimmers

What is a protein skimmer and how does it work?

The benefits and drawbacks of using protein skimmers

10. Carbon Filtration

How carbon filtration works to remove impurities from water

The benefits and drawbacks of using carbon filtration

11. Reverse Osmosis and Deionization

What is reverse osmosis and deionization?

How these systems work to purify water

The benefits and drawbacks of using reverse osmosis and deionization

12. Troubleshooting Common Aquarium Water Quality Issues

Cloudy water

High levels of ammonia or nitrite

High pH

Low pH

13. Tips for Maintaining Proper Aquarium Water Quality

Regular water testing

Proper aquarium equipment maintenance

Choosing appropriate aquarium inhabitants

Feeding and maintaining a balanced ecosystem

14. Conclusion

The importance of proper aquarium water purification

The various methods and systems available for purifying aquarium water

1. Introduction to Aquarium Water Purification

Aquarium water purification is the process of removing harmful contaminants from the water in an aquarium in order to create a healthy environment for the aquarium's inhabitants. It is a crucial aspect of aquarium maintenance and can greatly impact the overall health and well-being of the fish and other animals living in the aquarium.

The importance of water purification in an aquarium cannot be overstated. Water is the most important element in an aquarium, as it not only provides a habitat for the fish, but also plays a vital role in maintaining the overall balance of the ecosystem. The quality of the water can have a significant impact on the health and behavior of the fish, as well as the overall appearance of the aquarium.

2. Contaminants in Aquarium Water

There are a variety of contaminants that can be present in aquarium water, including chemicals, pathogens, and other impurities. Some of the most common contaminants found in aquarium water include:

Ammonia: Ammonia is produced by the breakdown of organic matter, such as fish waste and uneaten food. It is toxic to fish and can cause respiratory problems, skin irritation, and even death if not properly managed.
Nitrite: Nitrite is a byproduct of the nitrogen cycle, which is the process by which nitrogen is converted into a form that can be used by plants. Nitrite is toxic to fish, and high levels can cause respiratory problems, sluggishness, and even death.
Nitrate: Nitrate is the final byproduct of the nitrogen cycle and is generally less toxic than ammonia and nitrite. However, high levels of nitrate can still be harmful to fish, causing stress and impairing their immune systems.
Chlorine: Chlorine is a chemical commonly used to disinfect tap water, and it can be harmful to fish if not properly removed before adding it to an aquarium. Chlorine can cause respiratory problems, skin irritation, and even death in high concentrations.
Heavy metals: Heavy metals, such as copper and lead, can be harmful to fish and other aquatic animals if present in high concentrations. These contaminants can cause respiratory problems, impaired development, and even death.
Pathogens: Pathogens are microorganisms that can cause illness in fish and other aquatic animals. These can include bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites.

The effects of contaminants on aquarium inhabitants can vary depending on the type and concentration of the contaminant, as well as the sensitivity of the individual fish or other aquatic animals. In general, contaminants can cause stress and illness in fish, leading to poor health and even death if not properly managed.

3. Aquarium Filtration

Aquarium filtration is a key aspect of aquarium water purification. Filtration systems work to remove impurities and contaminants from the water, creating a healthier environment for the aquarium's inhabitants.

There are several types of filtration systems available for aquariums, including:

Mechanical filtration: Mechanical filtration uses physical media, such as filter pads or sponge filters, to remove particles from the water. This type of filtration is effective at removing debris and detritus, as well as excess food and waste.
Chemical filtration: Chemical filtration uses chemical media, such as activated carbon or zeolite, to remove impurities from the water. This type of filtration is effective at removing chemicals, such as chlorine and heavy metals, as well as odors and discoloration.
Biological filtration: Biological filtration uses a colony of beneficial bacteria to convert harmful contaminants, such as ammonia and nitrite, into less toxic substances. This type of filtration is an important aspect of the nitrogen cycle and is essential for maintaining a healthy aquarium ecosystem.

It is important to choose the right filtration system for your aquarium based on the size of the tank, the number and type of fish and other animals living in the tank, and the specific needs of your particular aquarium setup. Proper maintenance of the filtration system is also crucial in order to ensure that it is working effectively and efficiently.

4. Water Changes

Water changes are another important aspect of aquarium water purification. Water changes involve partially or fully replacing the water in the aquarium with fresh, clean water. They are typically performed on a regular basis, depending on the size of the tank, the number and type of fish, and other factors.

There are several reasons why water changes are important in aquarium maintenance:

Removing contaminants: Water changes help to remove contaminants and impurities that build up in the aquarium over time, such as ammonia and nitrite.
Maintaining pH: Water changes can help to maintain a stable pH in the aquarium, as tap water tends to have a more stable pH than aquarium water.
Replacing trace elements: Water changes can help to replenish trace elements and minerals that are depleted over time, such as calcium and magnesium.
Improving appearance: Water changes can help to improve the overall appearance of the aquarium, as fresh water is clearer and more attractive than water that has been in the tank for an extended period of time.

To perform a water change, you will need a siphon hose or a bucket to remove the old water from the tank, and a source of clean, chlorine-free water to add to the tank. It is important to use a water conditioner to remove chlorine and other contaminants from the new water before adding it to the tank. You should also be careful not to disturb the substrate or decorations in the tank too much when performing a water change, as this can release trapped debris and disturb the natural balance of the aquarium.

5. Chemical Water Treatment

Chemical water treatment products are another option for purifying aquarium water. These products are typically used to remove specific contaminants or impurities from the water, such as chlorine or heavy metals. Some common chemical water treatment products include:

Chlorine removers: Chlorine removers are used to remove chlorine and chloramines from tap water before adding it to the aquarium. These products are typically added to the water before the water is added to the tank.
Heavy metal removers: Heavy metal removers are used to remove heavy metals, such as copper and lead, from the water. These products are typically added to the water in the form of a chemical solution and can be used to treat both fresh and saltwater aquariums.
pH adjusters: pH adjusters are used to raise or lower the pH of the aquarium water to a more appropriate level for the fish and other animals living in the tank. These products are typically added to the water in the form of a chemical solution.

It is important to carefully read and follow the instructions on chemical water treatment products, as using too much of these products can be harmful to the aquarium inhabitants. It is also a good idea to test the water regularly to ensure that the chemical treatment has been effective and to monitor for any potential negative effects on the aquarium ecosystem.

6. Biological Water Treatment

Biological water treatment involves the use of beneficial bacteria to purify the water in an aquarium. These bacteria help to break down harmful contaminants, such as ammonia and nitrite, into less toxic substances as part of the nitrogen cycle.

Biological water treatment is an important aspect of maintaining a healthy aquarium ecosystem and can be achieved through the use of a biological filter. A biological filter is a system that houses a colony of beneficial bacteria that work to convert harmful contaminants into less toxic substances.

There are several types of biological filters available, including:

Sponge filters: Sponge filters are a simple and inexpensive option for establishing a biological filter. They consist of a sponge that is housed in a plastic or glass container and is filled with air stones to provide oxygen to the beneficial bacteria.
Canister filters: Canister filters are a more advanced option for establishing a biological filter. They consist of a canister that is filled with biological media, such as ceramic rings or bio balls, and is powered by a pump to circulate the water through the filter.
Wet/dry filters: Wet/dry filters are another advanced option for establishing a biological filter. These filters consist of a sump that is filled with biological media and is continuously flooded with water. The water is then pumped back up into the tank, creating a constantly circulating flow of water through the filter.

In order to establish and maintain a biological filter in an aquarium, it is important to seed the filter with a colony of beneficial bacteria. This can be done by adding a small amount of established filter media from another tank or by using a product that contains live beneficial bacteria. It is also important to regularly clean and maintain the filter, as well as test the water to ensure that the filter is working effectively.

7. UV Sterilizers

UV sterilizers are another option for purifying aquarium water. These devices use ultraviolet light to kill pathogens, such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites, in the water. UV sterilizers are typically used in conjunction with other filtration systems and are effective at controlling the spread of disease in an aquarium.

There are several benefits to using UV sterilizers in an aquarium:

Efficient: UV sterilizers are efficient at killing pathogens in the water, as the UV light is able to penetrate and kill the microorganisms on a cellular level.
Easy to use: UV sterilizers are easy to install and operate, requiring minimal maintenance.
Safe: UV sterilizers are safe to use in an aquarium, as they do not introduce any chemicals into the water.

There are also some drawbacks to using UV sterilizers:

Expense: UV sterilizers can be more expensive than other filtration options.
Maintenance: UV sterilizers require regular maintenance, including replacing the UV bulb every few months.
Ineffectiveness: UV sterilizers may not be effective at killing all types of pathogens, and they may not be able to kill spores or cysts.

It is important to carefully consider the pros and cons of using a UV sterilizer in your aquarium before making a decision.

8. Ozone Generators

Ozone generators are another option for purifying aquarium water. These devices use electricity to convert oxygen molecules (O2) into ozone (O3), which is then introduced into the water. Ozone is a powerful oxidizing agent and is effective at killing pathogens and removing impurities from the water.

There are several benefits to using ozone generators in an aquarium:

Efficient: Ozone generators are efficient at purifying water, as ozone is able to penetrate and kill microorganisms on a cellular level.
Safe: Ozone is safe to use in an aquarium, as it quickly breaks down into oxygen after it has been introduced into the water.
Easy to use: Ozone generators are easy to install and operate, requiring minimal maintenance.

There are also some drawbacks to using ozone generators:

Expense: Ozone generators can be more expensive than other filtration options.
Maintenance: Ozone generators require regular maintenance, including replacing the ozone generator cell every few months.
Incompatibility with certain fish: Some fish, such as discus and angelfish, are sensitive to ozone and may be adversely affected by high levels of ozone in the water.
Ineffectiveness: Ozone generators may not be effective at removing all types of contaminants from the water, and they may not be able to remove certain chemicals or metals.

It is important to carefully consider the pros and cons of using an ozone generator in your aquarium before making a decision.

9. Protein Skimmers

Protein skimmers are another option for purifying aquarium water. These devices work by creating tiny air bubbles that rise through a column of water. As the bubbles rise, they attract and remove protein and other organic matter from the water. This organic matter is then collected in a cup or chamber, where it can be removed and discarded.

There are several benefits to using protein skimmers in an aquarium:

Efficient: Protein skimmers are efficient at removing organic matter from the water, as they are able to attract and remove small particles that other filtration systems may not be able to remove.
Easy to use: Protein skimmers are easy to install and operate, requiring minimal maintenance.
Safe: Protein skimmers do not introduce any chemicals into the water and are safe to use in an aquarium.

There are also some drawbacks to using protein skimmers:

Expense: Protein skimmers can be more expensive than other filtration options.
Maintenance: Protein skimmers require regular maintenance, including cleaning the skimmer cup or chamber and replacing the air stones or diffusers as needed.
Incompatibility with certain aquarium setups: Protein skimmers may not be compatible with certain types of aquariums, such as those with a high water flow rate or those with live rock.

It is important to carefully consider the pros and cons of using a protein skimmer in your aquarium before making a decision.

10. Carbon Filtration

Carbon filtration is another option for purifying aquarium water. Carbon filtration uses activated carbon, which is a highly porous form of carbon, to remove impurities from the water. As water passes through the activated carbon, the carbon absorbs impurities, such as chemicals and odors, from the water.

There are several benefits to using carbon filtration in an aquarium:

Efficient: Carbon filtration is efficient at removing impurities from the water, as activated carbon has a high surface area and is able to absorb a large amount of contaminants.
Easy to use: Carbon filtration is easy to install and operate, requiring minimal maintenance.
Safe: Carbon filtration is safe to use in an aquarium, as it does not introduce any chemicals into the water.

There are also some drawbacks to using carbon filtration:

Expense: Carbon filtration can be more expensive than other filtration options, as the activated carbon needs to be replaced regularly.
Ineffectiveness: Carbon filtration may not be effective at removing all types of impurities from the water, and it may not be able to remove certain chemicals or metals.

It is important to carefully consider the pros and cons of using carbon filtration in your aquarium before making a decision.

11. Reverse Osmosis and Deionization

Reverse osmosis (RO) and deionization (DI) are advanced filtration systems that are often used in conjunction with other filtration methods to purify aquarium water. RO systems use a semipermeable membrane to remove impurities from the water, while DI systems use ion exchange resin to remove ions, such as minerals and salts, from the water.

There are several benefits to using RO and DI systems in an aquarium:

Efficient: RO and DI systems are highly efficient at removing impurities from the water, as they are able to remove a wide range of contaminants, including chemicals, minerals, and pathogens.
Easy to use: RO and DI systems are easy to install and operate, requiring minimal maintenance.
Safe: RO and DI systems are safe to use in an aquarium, as they do not introduce any chemicals into the water.

There are also some drawbacks to using RO and DI systems:

Expense: RO and DI systems can be more expensive than other filtration options, as they require specialized equipment and replacement filters or resin.
Maintenance: RO and DI systems require regular maintenance, including replacing the filters or resin as needed.
Water waste: RO systems can produce a large amount of wastewater, as they remove not only impurities but also beneficial minerals and nutrients from the water.

It is important to carefully consider the pros and cons of using RO and DI systems in your aquarium before making a decision.

12. Troubleshooting Common Aquarium Water Quality Issues

Despite our best efforts, aquarium water quality issues can still arise. Here are some common water quality issues and solutions:

Cloudy water: Cloudy water can be caused by a variety of factors, including overfeeding, high levels of organic matter, or an excess of fine particles in the water. To solve this issue, you can try performing a water change, reducing the amount of food you feed your fish, and increasing filtration or using a protein skimmer. You can also try adding a clarifying agent to the water to help clear up the cloudiness.
High ammonia levels: High levels of ammonia can be toxic to fish and can cause respiratory problems and stress. To solve this issue, you can try performing a water change, reducing the amount of food you feed your fish, and increasing filtration or using a biological filter to help break down the ammonia. You can also try using an ammonia-removing chemical treatment to help lower the ammonia levels in the water.
High nitrite levels: High levels of nitrite can be toxic to fish and can cause respiratory problems and stress. To solve this issue, you can try performing a water change, reducing the amount of food you feed your fish, and increasing filtration or using a biological filter to help break down the nitrite. You can also try using a nitrite-removing chemical treatment to help lower the nitrite levels in the water.
High nitrate levels: High levels of nitrate can cause stress and impair the immune systems of fish. To solve this issue, you can try performing a water change, reducing the amount of food you feed your fish, and increasing filtration or using a protein skimmer to help remove excess nitrogen from the water. You can also try using plants in the aquarium to help absorb the nitrates from the water.
Low pH: Low pH can cause stress and illness in fish. To solve this issue, you can try using a pH adjuster to raise the pH of the water to a more appropriate level for your fish. You can also try using buffers or pH-stabilizing products to help maintain a stable pH in the aquarium.
High chlorine levels: High levels of chlorine can be toxic to fish and can cause respiratory problems and stress. To solve this issue, you can try using a chlorine remover to remove the chlorine from the water before adding it to the aquarium. You can also try using a water conditioner that contains a dechlorinator to remove the chlorine from the water.

13. Conclusion

Aquarium water purification is an essential aspect of aquarium maintenance, as it helps to maintain a healthy ecosystem for the fish and other animals living in the tank. Proper water purification involves a combination of filtration, water changes, and chemical or biological treatment to remove contaminants and impurities from the water.

There are several options available for purifying aquarium water, including mechanical filtration, chemical treatment, biological treatment, UV sterilization, ozone generation, protein skimming, carbon filtration, reverse osmosis and deionization. It is important to carefully consider the specific needs of your aquarium and the type of fish and other animals living in the tank when choosing a water purification method.

Proper water purification requires regular maintenance and monitoring to ensure that the system is working effectively and efficiently. It is also important to be prepared to troubleshoot and solve any water quality issues that may arise. By following these guidelines, you can help to create a healthy and thriving aquarium for your fish and other aquatic pets.

14. Frequently Asked Questions

Q: How often should I change the water in my aquarium?

A: The frequency of water changes in an aquarium depends on the size of the tank, the number and type of fish, and other factors. As a general rule, it is a good idea to perform a partial water change (about 25% of the water) once a week, and a full water change (100% of the water) once a month. It is also important to test the water regularly and to perform additional water changes as needed if the water quality starts to decline.

Q: How do I remove chlorine from tap water before adding it to my aquarium?

A: Chlorine is a chemical that is added to tap water to kill bacteria and other pathogens. It is important to remove chlorine from tap water before adding it to an aquarium, as chlorine can be toxic to fish and other aquatic animals. To remove chlorine from tap water, you can use a water conditioner that contains a dechlorinator. These products are available at pet stores and online and can be added to the water before it is added to the aquarium.

Q: Can I use distilled water in my aquarium?

A: Distilled water is water that has had all of its impurities removed through a process called distillation. While distilled water is often used in laboratory settings, it is not recommended for use in an aquarium. This is because distilled water lacks the minerals and trace elements that are essential for the health of fish and other aquatic animals. It is a better idea to use tap water that has been treated with a water conditioner to remove chlorine and other contaminants before adding it to the aquarium.

Q: Can I use tap water with a water softener in my aquarium?

A: Water from a home water softener system has had minerals, such as calcium and magnesium, removed from it in order to soften the water. While this may be fine for household use, it is not recommended for use in an aquarium. This is because fish and other aquatic animals require certain minerals and trace elements for their health, and the lack of these minerals in softened water can lead to deficiencies and other health issues. It is a better idea to use tap water that has not been treated with a water softener and to treat it with a water conditioner to remove chlorine and other contaminants before adding it to the aquarium.

Q: Can I use bottled water in my aquarium?

A: Some types of bottled water can be used in an aquarium, while others are not recommended. It is important to carefully read the label on the bottled water to ensure that it is safe for use in an aquarium. Some types of

bottled water, such as purified or spring water, may be safe to use in an aquarium. However, other types of bottled water, such as distilled or reverse osmosis water, may not be suitable for use in an aquarium due to the lack of minerals and trace elements that are essential for the health of fish and other aquatic animals. It is always a good idea to test the water before adding it to the aquarium to ensure that it is safe for use.

Q: How do I test the water in my aquarium?

A: Testing the water in your aquarium is an important aspect of maintaining the health of your fish and other aquatic animals. There are several types of water test kits available that can be used to test for various parameters, such as pH, ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate. These test kits are available at pet stores and online and typically come with instructions on how to use them. It is a good idea to test the water regularly, especially after performing a water change, to ensure that the water quality is appropriate for the fish and other animals living in the tank.

Q: What should I do if I notice a decline in water quality in my aquarium?

A: If you notice a decline in water quality in your aquarium, it is important to take action as soon as possible to correct the problem. Some steps you can take to improve water quality include performing a water change, increasing filtration, using chemical or biological treatments, and adjusting the temperature or pH of the water. It is also important to monitor the water quality regularly and to be prepared to take additional action as needed to maintain a healthy aquarium ecosystem

Purification Technology using Carbon Nanotubes: An Overview

Sat, 24 Dec 2022 11:00:20 GMT

What are Carbon Nanotubes?

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are a type of nanostructure made of rolled sheets of carbon atoms. They have a cylindrical shape with a diameter ranging from a few nanometers to several micrometers and can be up to several millimeters long. CNTs are known for their unique properties, including high strength, excellent electrical conductivity, and high thermal conductivity. These properties make CNTs useful in a variety of applications, including electronics, energy storage, and purification technology.

How are Carbon Nanotubes used in Purification Technology?

One way CNTs are used in purification technology is through adsorption, which is the process of removing impurities or contaminants from a gas or liquid by trapping them on a surface. CNTs have a large surface area and high porosity, making them effective at adsorbing a wide range of contaminants. For example, CNTs have been shown to be effective at removing volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which are common air pollutants. CNTs can also be used to remove heavy metals, dyes, and other contaminants from water.

Advantages of Using Carbon Nanotubes in Purification Technology

There are several advantages to using CNTs in purification technology. One of the main advantages is their high efficiency. CNTs are able to remove a wide range of contaminants at a very high rate, making them more effective than other types of purification methods. CNTs are also very stable and have a long lifespan, which means they can be used for an extended period of time without needing to be replaced. Additionally, CNTs are environmentally friendly and do not produce any harmful byproducts during the purification process.

Limitations and Challenges of Using Carbon Nanotubes in Purification Technology

There are also some limitations and challenges to using CNTs in purification technology. One of the main challenges is the cost of producing CNTs, which can be expensive due to the complex manufacturing process. Another challenge is the potential for CNTs to release small amounts of carbon when they are used for adsorption. This can be a concern in certain applications, such as air purification, where the released carbon may contribute to air pollution. Finally, there is still a need for further research and development to optimize the use of CNTs in purification technology and to identify the most effective methods for using them.

Conclusion

Overall, carbon nanotubes have the potential to be a valuable tool in purification technology due to their high efficiency, stability, and environmentally friendly nature. While there are some challenges and limitations to their use, ongoing research and development efforts are likely to lead to further advances and improvements in the effectiveness of CNTs in purification technology.

Factors to Consider When Purchasing Filter Discs for Water Purification

Sat, 24 Dec 2022 10:48:27 GMT

What You Need to Know When You Order Filter Discs

Material of the filter discs

When it comes to filter discs, the material they are made from plays a significant role in their effectiveness and durability. The most common materials used for filter discs are polypropylene, cellulose, and nylon.

Polypropylene filter discs are known for their strength and chemical resistance, making them suitable for filtering harsh chemicals and contaminants. They are also resistant to high temperatures, making them suitable for sterilization processes.

Cellulose filter discs are made from natural fibers and are often used for general filtration purposes. They are less durable compared to polypropylene, but they are more affordable.

Nylon filter discs are known for their high strength and resistance to temperature changes. They are also resistant to chemicals, making them suitable for filtering a wide range of contaminants.

Pore size of the filter disc

Pore size refers to the size of the openings in the filter disc that allow water to pass through. The pore size of the filter disc determines what size of contaminants it can effectively filter out.

For example, a filter disc with a smaller pore size can effectively remove smaller contaminants, such as bacteria and viruses, while a filter disc with a larger pore size may not be as effective at removing these contaminants.

It is important to choose a filter disc with the appropriate pore size for the contaminants you need to remove from your water.

Micron rating of a filter disc

The micron rating of a filter disc refers to the size of contaminants it can effectively filter out. The smaller the micron rating, the smaller the size of contaminants it can filter out.

For example, a filter disc with a micron rating of 0.2 can effectively filter out contaminants as small as 0.2 microns in size.

It is important to choose a filter disc with the appropriate micron rating for the contaminants you need to remove from your water.

Flow Rate

The flow rate of a filter disc refers to the amount of water it can filter in a given time period. A filter disc with a higher flow rate can filter more water in a shorter amount of time, making it more efficient.

It is important to choose a filter disc with the appropriate flow rate for your needs. If you need to filter a large amount of water in a short amount of time, you will need a filter disc with a higher flow rate.

Compatibility with your system

It is important to ensure that the filter disc you choose is compatible with your water purification system. Different filter discs may have different connections or be designed for specific systems, so it is important to make sure the filter disc you choose is compatible with your system.

Additionally, it is important to consider the compatibility of the filter disc with the contaminants you need to remove from your water. Some filter discs may not be effective at removing certain contaminants, so it is important to choose a filter disc that is compatible with the contaminants you need to remove.

Conclusion

When it comes to purchasing filter discs for water purification, there are several factors to consider. These include the material the filter disc is made from, the pore size and micron rating, the flow rate, and compatibility with your water purification system and the contaminants you need to remove. By considering these factors, you can choose the best filter disc for your needs and effectively purify your water.

Fractionation: The Key to Purifying Complex Mixtures

Fri, 23 Dec 2022 08:55:49 GMT

Introduction

Purification is an essential step in many chemical and biological processes, allowing us to isolate and obtain pure substances from complex mixtures. One widely used method for purification is fractionation, which separates components based on their physical properties, such as size, shape, density, and solubility. In this article, we will explore the principles and applications of fractionation, and how it can be used to purify a range of substances from crude oil to proteins.

What is fractionation?

Fractionation is a separation technique that involves separating a mixture into its individual components, or fractions, based on their physical properties. This can be achieved through various methods, such as distillation, chromatography, and filtration. The most common method is distillation, which separates substances based on their boiling points. Chromatography, on the other hand, separates substances based on their affinity to a stationary phase, such as a column or paper, while filtration separates particles based on size and shape.

How does fractionation work?

To understand how fractionation works, let's take a closer look at distillation as an example. Distillation involves heating a mixture to a temperature at which one or more of its components vaporize. The vaporized components are then cooled and condensed back into a liquid, which is collected in a separate container. This process can be repeated multiple times to purify the mixture.

For example, crude oil is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons, such as alkanes, alkenes, and aromatic compounds. To purify crude oil, it is heated and distilled under controlled conditions. Different fractions, such as gasoline, diesel, and kerosene, are collected at different boiling points. Similarly, water can be purified through distillation by heating it to its boiling point, which kills any bacteria or viruses present in the water.

Applications of fractionation

Fractionation has numerous applications in various industries, including the chemical, pharmaceutical, and food industry. Here are a few examples of how fractionation is used to purify different substances:

Crude oil: As mentioned earlier, crude oil is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons that is purified through fractionation. The different fractions obtained from crude oil, such as gasoline, diesel, and kerosene, are used as fuels, solvents, and raw materials in the chemical industry.
Proteins: Proteins are large, complex molecules that play important roles in the body. To study the function and structure of proteins, they need to be purified to a high degree. Fractionation techniques, such as chromatography, are used to purify proteins from complex mixtures.
Alcohol: Alcohol is produced through the fermentation of sugars, such as corn, wheat, or grapes. To purify alcohol, it is distilled to remove impurities and increase its strength. Distilled alcohol, also known as spirits, is used in the production of beverages such as whiskey, vodka, and rum.
Essential oils: Essential oils are concentrated, volatile liquids that are extracted from plants and are used in the perfume and food industry. Fractionation techniques, such as distillation and chromatography, are used to purify essential oils and obtain pure, high-quality oils.

Conclusion

Fractionation is an essential technique for purifying complex mixtures and isolating pure substances. It is widely used in various industries, including the chemical, pharmaceutical, and food industry. Whether it's crude oil, proteins, alcohol, or essential oils, fractionation allows us to obtain pure and high quality substances.

Purification Via Centrifugation: A Quick and Efficient Method for Separating Substances

Fri, 23 Dec 2022 08:49:28 GMT

When it comes to separating substances, there are several methods that scientists and researchers can use. One of the most common and efficient methods is purification via centrifugation.

What is Centrifugation?

Centrifugation is a process that uses the power of rotation to separate substances based on their size, shape, and density. It works by placing a sample in a tube or container and spinning it at high speeds in a machine called a centrifuge. The centrifugal force generated by the spinning motion causes the heavier particles in the sample to move to the bottom of the tube, while the lighter particles stay near the top.

How is Centrifugation Used in Purification?

There are several ways that centrifugation can be used to purify substances. One of the most common methods is called density gradient centrifugation. This involves creating a gradient of densities within a sample by adding different substances with different densities to the tube. The heavier substances will sink to the bottom, while the lighter substances will stay near the top. This allows scientists to easily separate the different substances based on their densities.

Another method is called sedimentation centrifugation. This involves spinning a sample at high speeds until the heavier particles settle to the bottom of the tube. This is often used to separate large particles, such as cells or proteins, from a solution.

Advantages of Centrifugation

There are several advantages to using centrifugation for purification. One of the main benefits is that it is a quick and efficient method for separating substances. It can often be completed in just a few hours, making it a preferred method for scientists and researchers who need to quickly obtain pure samples.

In addition, centrifugation is a relatively simple and straightforward process that does not require specialized equipment or extensive training. This makes it an accessible method for scientists and researchers of all levels.

Centrifugation is also a highly versatile method that can be used to separate a wide range of substances, including cells, proteins, and nucleic acids. This makes it a valuable tool for a variety of scientific and research applications.

Limitations of Centrifugation

Despite its many advantages, there are also some limitations to using centrifugation for purification. One of the main drawbacks is that it can only be used to separate substances based on their size, shape, and density. This means that it may not be effective for separating substances that have similar properties.

In addition, centrifugation can only be used to separate solid particles from a liquid solution. It is not effective for separating gases or separating solid particles from a solid matrix.

Conclusion

In conclusion, purification via centrifugation is a quick and efficient method for separating substances based on their size, shape, and density. It has many advantages, including its speed, simplicity, and versatility, making it a valuable tool for scientists and researchers. While there are some limitations to its use, it remains a widely used method for purifying substances in a variety of scientific and research applications.

Chromatography: A Powerful Technique for Purifying Substances

Fri, 23 Dec 2022 08:41:41 GMT

What is Chromatography?

Chromatography is a method used to separate and purify different substances in a mixture. It is based on the different characteristics of each substance, such as its size, shape, and chemical properties. Chromatography can be used to separate a wide range of substances, including proteins, sugars, and amino acids.

How Does Chromatography Work?

There are several different types of chromatography, but they all involve the same basic principle. A mixture of substances is applied to a stationary phase, which is usually a solid or a liquid that is immobilized on a surface. The mixture then moves through a mobile phase, which is a liquid or gas that carries the substances through the stationary phase. As the mixture moves through the stationary phase, different substances will interact with the stationary phase to different degrees, causing them to separate.

Types of Chromatography

There are several different types of chromatography, including:

Column chromatography: In this method, the stationary phase is a column filled with a porous material, such as beads or powder. The mixture is applied to the top of the column and moves through the column as the mobile phase is added.
Paper chromatography: This method uses a special type of paper as the stationary phase. The mixture is applied to the paper and the mobile phase is added, causing the different substances to move along the paper and separate.
Thin-layer chromatography: In this method, the stationary phase is a thin layer of a substance applied to a glass or plastic plate. The mixture is applied to the plate and the mobile phase is added, causing the different substances to move along the plate and separate.

Applications of Chromatography

Chromatography is used in a wide range of applications, including:

Analyzing and purifying compounds in the pharmaceutical and food industries
Separating proteins and DNA for biological research
Analyzing environmental samples to detect contaminants
Identifying and quantifying drugs and other substances in forensic analysis

Conclusion

Chromatography is a powerful technique for separating and purifying substances. It is widely used in industries such as pharmaceuticals, food, and environmental analysis, as well as in research and forensic analysis. Its versatility and effectiveness make it an essential tool in many fields.

Things to Consider When Purchasing a Spectrophotometer

Sat, 17 Dec 2022 20:15:35 GMT

Type of Spectrophotometer

When looking to buy a spectrophotometer, it is important to consider what type of spectrophotometer you need. There are two main types: single beam and double beam. Single beam spectrophotometers measure the absorption of light by a sample by comparing it to a reference sample. Double beam spectrophotometers measure the absorption of light by a sample by comparing it to a blank sample. Both types have their own advantages and disadvantages, so it is important to consider which one is the best fit for your specific needs.

Wavelength Range

Another important factor to consider when purchasing a spectrophotometer is the wavelength range. The wavelength range determines what wavelengths of light the spectrophotometer can measure. It is important to choose a spectrophotometer with a wavelength range that meets your needs. For example, if you are measuring absorption in the UV-visible range, you will want a spectrophotometer with a wavelength range that includes the UV and visible regions.

Resolution

The resolution of a spectrophotometer refers to the smallest change in absorbance that can be measured. Higher resolution spectrophotometers are able to measure smaller changes in absorbance, which can be important for certain applications. When selecting a spectrophotometer, it is important to consider the resolution you need in order to get accurate results.

Price

Finally, it is important to consider the price of the spectrophotometer. Spectrophotometers can range in price from a few hundred dollars to several thousand dollars, so it is important to determine your budget and choose a spectrophotometer that fits within that budget. However, it is also important to remember that cheaper spectrophotometers may not have the same features and capabilities as more expensive ones, so it is important to weigh the cost versus the capabilities of the spectrophotometer before making a decision.

In summary, when purchasing a spectrophotometer, it is important to consider the type of spectrophotometer you need, the wavelength range, the resolution, and the price. By taking these factors into account, you can ensure that you are getting the best spectrophotometer for your specific needs and budget.

How to Choose the Right Water Test Kit for Your Aquarium or Pond

Sat, 17 Dec 2022 20:05:15 GMT

Understanding the Different Types of Water Test Kits

When it comes to maintaining the health of your aquarium or pond, one of the most important things you can do is regularly test the water quality. There are a few different types of water test kits available, each designed to measure specific parameters. Some kits measure pH, which is a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of the water. Others measure ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate levels, which are important indicators of the biological health of the water. Still others measure dissolved oxygen, which is essential for the health of fish and other aquatic life.

Deciding on a Kit Based on Your Needs

When selecting a water test kit, it's important to consider what you're trying to achieve. If you're just looking to maintain a basic level of water quality, a simple kit that measures pH and ammonia levels may be sufficient. However, if you're trying to breed fish or keep a more sensitive species, you may need a more comprehensive kit that measures a wider range of parameters.

Choosing Between Liquid and Strip Tests

Water test kits are available in two main forms: liquid tests and strip tests. Liquid tests are generally more accurate and precise, but they can be more time-consuming to use. Strip tests are quick and easy to use, but they are not as precise as liquid tests. If you're just looking to get a general sense of the water quality, strip tests may be sufficient. However, if you need more precise measurements, a liquid test kit may be a better choice.

Consider the Ease of Use

When choosing a water test kit, it's important to consider the ease of use. Some kits are more complex and may require a greater degree of knowledge and experience to use accurately. Others are more user-friendly and easy to use, even for those who are new to aquarium or pond maintenance.

Don't Skimp on Quality

When it comes to water test kits, it's worth investing in a high-quality product. Cheap, low-quality kits may not be accurate and could give you false readings, leading to incorrect treatment or management of your aquarium or pond. It's better to spend a little more on a reliable, accurate test kit than to risk the health of your aquatic life.

In conclusion, choosing the right water test kit for your aquarium or pond is an important decision that will help ensure the health and well-being of your aquatic life. By understanding the different types of kits available, deciding on a kit based on your needs, considering the ease of use, and investing in a high-quality product, you can find the right kit for your specific situation.

Laboratory Analysis for Purification of Water

Sat, 17 Dec 2022 19:58:17 GMT

Purification of water is an important process in ensuring that the water we drink and use for various purposes is safe and free from contaminants. There are several methods of purifying water, including physical, chemical, and biological methods. In this article, we will focus on laboratory analysis, a method used to determine the quality and purity of water.

What is Laboratory Analysis?

Laboratory analysis is the process of analyzing a water sample in a laboratory to determine its physical, chemical, and biological properties. This type of analysis is often used to identify the presence of contaminants or impurities in the water and to determine the appropriate treatment method for purification.

Steps in Laboratory Analysis

There are several steps involved in laboratory analysis for purification of water. These include:

Sampling: A representative sample of the water to be analyzed is collected and transported to the laboratory.
Preparation: The sample is prepared for analysis by filtering out any large particles or debris.
Analysis: The sample is then analyzed using various techniques and instruments, such as spectrophotometers, pH meters, and microscopes, to determine its physical, chemical, and biological properties.
Evaluation: The results of the analysis are then evaluated to determine the quality and purity of the water and to identify any contaminants or impurities present.

Advantages of Laboratory Analysis

Laboratoria analysis offers several advantages for purification of water, including:

Precision: Laboratory analysis provides highly accurate and precise results, which are essential for determining the appropriate treatment method for purification.
Speed: Modern laboratory techniques and instruments allow for rapid analysis of water samples, providing results in a shorter time frame than other methods of analysis.
Versatility: Laboratory analysis can be used to determine the presence of a wide range of contaminants and impurities in water, including microorganisms, heavy metals, and chemical pollutants.

Overall, laboratory analysis is an essential tool in the purification of water, helping to ensure that the water we consume and use is safe and free from contaminants.

Home Air: 5 Tips for Buying a Home Air Purification System

Sat, 17 Dec 2022 16:15:00 GMT

Identify your specific air quality needs

Before shopping for an air purification system, it's important to identify exactly what you need it for. Do you have pets that shed a lot? Do you live in an area with high levels of pollution? Or do you just want to improve the overall air quality in your home? By identifying your specific needs, you'll be able to choose a system that is tailored to your individual situation.

Consider the size of the system

Air purification systems come in a range of sizes, so it's important to choose one that is appropriate for the size of your home. If you have a small apartment, a portable air purifier may be sufficient. But if you have a larger home, you'll likely need a more powerful system. Be sure to measure the size of the room or rooms where you plan to use the system to ensure you get the right size.

Evaluate the different types of systems

There are several types of air purification systems available, each with its own set of advantages and disadvantages. For example, HEPA filters are highly effective at removing a wide range of contaminants, but they may be more expensive to operate. Ionizers and ozone generators can also be effective at purifying the air, but they can produce harmful by-products if used improperly. It's important to research the different types of systems and determine which one is best for your needs.

Think about maintenance and cost

Air purification systems require regular maintenance, such as replacing filters or cleaning the unit. This can add up over time, so it's important to consider the ongoing maintenance and operating costs of the system before making a purchase. You'll also want to think about the initial cost of the system, as prices can vary widely depending on the brand and features.

In conclusion, purchasing a home air purification system can be a great investment in the health and well-being of you and your family. By considering your specific air quality needs, the size of the system, the different types available, and the ongoing maintenance and cost, you can make an informed decision and choose the best system for your home.

Mars: Water Purification Systems That Are Needed On Mars

Sat, 17 Dec 2022 15:49:34 GMT

Water Purification On The Red Planet

Water purification systems are essential for the success of any human mission to Mars. The red planet is known to have water in the form of ice, but this water is not suitable for human consumption without first undergoing a purification process.

There are several reasons why water purification is necessary on Mars. First, the water on Mars contains high levels of dissolved minerals and salts, which can be harmful to human health if ingested. Second, the water on Mars is also likely to contain microbes that could pose a threat to human health.

To address these challenges, water purification systems on Mars would need to be designed to remove dissolved minerals and salts, as well as to kill or remove any harmful microbes that may be present in the water.

Reversed Osmosis

One potential approach to water purification on Mars is to use reverse osmosis, which is a process that involves forcing water through a semi-permeable membrane to remove dissolved substances. This approach has been used successfully on Earth for water purification, and it could be adapted for use on Mars.

UV Light

Another potential approach is to use advanced filtration systems, such as those that rely on UV light or other forms of radiation to kill or remove harmful microbes. These systems would need to be rugged and reliable, as they would need to function effectively in the harsh environment of Mars.

Energy Efficient

In addition to these technical challenges, water purification systems on Mars would also need to be designed to be energy efficient and to operate with minimal maintenance. This is because any human mission to Mars is likely to be limited in terms of the resources that can be transported to the planet.

Overall, water purification is an essential component of any human mission to Mars. Without effective systems for purifying water, it would be impossible for humans to survive on the red planet for any length of time. As such, the development of water purification systems for Mars is an important area of research and development for NASA and other space agencies.

Reliable purification systems for shelters

Sat, 17 Dec 2022 15:40:34 GMT

As natural disasters and other emergencies become more frequent and severe, it is essential for shelters to have reliable purification systems in place to ensure the safety and health of those seeking refuge.

One popular option for purification is reverse osmosis, a process in which water is forced through a membrane to remove impurities. This system is effective at removing bacteria, viruses, and other contaminants, making it ideal for emergency situations.

Another option is ultraviolet (UV) purification, which uses UV light to kill bacteria and other microorganisms. This method is especially effective at eliminating waterborne illnesses, such as cholera and typhoid.

In addition to these systems, shelters can also utilize water filtration systems that use activated carbon or other materials to remove contaminants. These systems can be used to treat both drinking water and water used for showers and other purposes.

It is important for shelters to regularly test and maintain their purification systems to ensure they are functioning properly. Regular maintenance and cleaning of the systems can prevent breakdowns and ensure that the water being provided is safe for consumption.

Furthermore, shelters should have backup purification systems in case of failure or in the event of a sudden influx of people. This can help prevent water shortages and ensure that everyone has access to clean water.

In conclusion, purification systems are crucial for shelters during emergencies and natural disasters. By implementing reliable systems and regularly maintaining them, shelters can provide clean and safe water for those seeking refuge.

6 Points to Consider When Buying a pH Meter

Thu, 15 Dec 2022 20:28:50 GMT

The below 6 points will help you in you selection process to find and buy the pH meter that fits your needs and your budget.

Accuracy

When buying a pH meter, it's important to consider the accuracy of the device. The accuracy of a pH meter is typically measured in terms of the difference between the reading it gives and the actual pH of the solution being measured. A pH meter with a high degree of accuracy will give readings that are very close to the actual pH, while a less accurate pH meter may give readings that are significantly different from the true pH.

Range

Another important factor to consider when buying a pH meter is the range of pH values it can measure. Different pH meters have different ranges, and it's important to choose a pH meter that can measure the pH values of the solutions you'll be working with. For example, if you'll be measuring the pH of soil, you'll need a pH meter with a range that goes down to around 3.5 or 4, while if you'll be measuring the pH of a pool, you'll need a pH meter with a range that goes up to around 10 or 11.

Resolution

The resolution of a pH meter refers to the smallest increment of pH that the device can measure. A pH meter with a high resolution will be able to give readings in smaller increments, which can be useful for more precise measurements. However, it's important to keep in mind that the resolution of a pH meter can also affect its accuracy. In general, pH meters with higher resolutions tend to be more accurate than those with lower resolutions.

Calibration

Proper calibration is crucial for accurate pH measurements. Most pH meters need to be calibrated regularly to ensure that they are giving accurate readings. It's important to choose a pH meter that is easy to calibrate and that comes with clear instructions on how to calibrate it properly.

Durability

When buying a pH meter, it's important to consider the durability of the device. pH meters can be used in a variety of settings, and they may be subjected to rough handling or harsh conditions. A durable pH meter will be able to withstand these conditions and continue to give accurate readings.

Price

Of course, price is also an important factor to consider when buying a pH meter. pH meters can range in price from a few hundred dollars to several thousand dollars, depending on the features and accuracy of the device. It's important to carefully consider your budget and choose a pH meter that provides the features and accuracy you need at a price that you can afford.

With these 6 points you can purchase the pH meter that fits your needs and budget.

UV Disinfection: Tips And Tricks For Buying a UV Disinfection System

Sun, 11 Dec 2022 19:39:18 GMT

How to buy a UV disinfection system?

If you're in the market for a UV disinfection system, you're likely looking for a way to keep your home or workplace safe and free of germs. UV disinfection systems use ultraviolet light to kill bacteria and viruses, making them an effective way to reduce the spread of illness-causing germs. In this article, we'll provide some tips and tricks to help you choose the right UV disinfection system for your needs.

Size of UV disinfection system

First, consider the size of the space you want to disinfect. UV disinfection systems come in a range of sizes and are designed to treat different areas. If you're looking to disinfect a small space, such as a bathroom or office, a compact UV disinfection system may be sufficient. However, if you need to disinfect a larger area, such as a warehouse or factory, you'll need a more powerful UV disinfection system.

Safety of UV disinfection system

Next, consider the type of UV light used in the disinfection system. UV disinfection systems use one of two types of UV light: UV-C or UV-A. UV-C light is the most effective at killing germs, but it can also be harmful to humans and animals if they are exposed to it. UV-A light, on the other hand, is less effective at killing germs but is safer for humans and animals to be around.

Maintenance of UV disinfection system

It's also important to consider the maintenance and upkeep of the UV disinfection system. Some systems require regular cleaning and replacement of UV bulbs, while others are self-cleaning and have longer-lasting bulbs. Be sure to research the maintenance requirements of the UV disinfection system you're considering and factor this into your decision.

Cost of UV disinfection system

Another important consideration is the cost of the UV disinfection system. While UV disinfection systems can be an effective way to reduce the spread of germs, they can also be expensive. Be sure to compare prices and read reviews from other users to ensure you're getting a good deal on a quality product.

Certified UV disinfection system

Finally, make sure the UV disinfection system you choose is certified by a reputable organization, such as the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) or the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). This will ensure that the product has been tested and proven effective at killing germs.

In summary, when shopping for a UV disinfection system, consider the size of the space you want to disinfect, the type of UV light used, the maintenance requirements, the cost, and the certification of the product. By following these tips and tricks, you can choose the right UV disinfection system for your needs and keep your home or workplace safe and free of germs.

Clear Pond Water In All Four Seasons

Sun, 11 Dec 2022 18:45:18 GMT

How to keep your pond water clear in all seasons

Clearing pond water during the winter, spring, summer, and fall can be a challenging task, but with the right approach, it can be done effectively and efficiently. In this article, we will provide some tips and advice on how to clear pond water during each season, so that you can keep your pond looking clean and healthy all year round.

Clear pond water in the winter

Clearing pond water during the winter can be particularly challenging, as the cold temperatures can make it difficult for plants and bacteria to break down organic matter. Additionally, the lack of sunlight can make it harder for algae to grow, which can result in less oxygen being produced.

To effectively clear your pond water during the winter, it's important to keep the water moving. This can be done by using a fountain or a pond aerator, which will help to oxygenate the water and prevent it from becoming stagnant. You should also avoid overfeeding your fish, as excess food can contribute to the build-up of organic matter.

Clear pond water during spring

As the weather starts to warm up in the spring, your pond will begin to come back to life. This is a good time to do a thorough cleaning of your pond, as the increased sunlight and warmer temperatures will help to break down organic matter and stimulate the growth of beneficial bacteria.

To clean your pond, start by removing any debris that has accumulated over the winter, such as leaves and twigs. You can use a skimmer or a net to do this. Next, use a pond vacuum to remove any sediment that has settled to the bottom of the pond. Be sure to dispose of the debris and sediment properly, as it can contain harmful bacteria and nutrients that can pollute the water.

Clear pond water in the summer

During the summer, your pond will be teeming with life, and it's important to maintain good water quality to keep your fish and plants healthy. One of the key challenges during the summer is controlling the growth of algae, which can quickly take over your pond if left unchecked.

To prevent algae blooms, make sure to keep your pond well-filtered and oxygenated. You can do this by using a pond pump and filter, and by adding plants to your pond that will help to consume excess nutrients. Additionally, avoid overfeeding your fish, and be sure to remove any dead or decaying plant matter promptly, as this can contribute to algae growth.

Clear pond water during fall

As the weather starts to cool down in the fall, your pond will begin to prepare for winter. This is a good time to do a final cleaning of your pond, as the reduced sunlight and cooler temperatures will make it easier to break down organic matter.

To clean your pond in the fall, start by removing any debris that has accumulated over the summer, such as leaves and twigs. You can use a skimmer or a net to do this. Next, use a pond vacuum to remove any sediment that has settled at the bottom.

We hope that you can use these useful tips and tricks for clearing pond water during the four seasons, which all have their own challenges.

Aquarium filters: Advantages and Disadvantages

Sun, 11 Dec 2022 14:39:17 GMT

Aquarium filters are an essential piece of equipment for any aquarium, providing several important benefits for the health and well-being of the fish and plants living inside. However, like any type of technology, aquarium filters also come with their own set of advantages and disadvantages that hobbyists need to consider before making a purchase.

Advantages of aquarium filters

One of the biggest advantages of using an aquarium filter is that it helps to maintain a clean and healthy environment for your fish and plants. Aquarium filters work by using a combination of mechanical, chemical, and biological filtration to remove excess waste, debris, and toxins from the water. This helps to keep the water clear and free of harmful substances that can harm the fish and plants.

Another advantage of using an aquarium filter is that it helps to maintain a stable water quality by regulating the pH and temperature of the water. Aquarium filters typically come with a variety of settings and features that allow you to adjust and control these factors, ensuring that the water remains at the optimal levels for the fish and plants living inside.

In addition to these benefits, aquarium filters also help to provide oxygen to the water, which is essential for the health and survival of the fish and plants. Aquarium filters typically use air pumps or other mechanisms to introduce oxygen into the water, helping to create a healthy and balanced ecosystem inside the aquarium.

Disadvantages of aquarium filters

Despite these advantages, there are also a few disadvantages to using aquarium filters that hobbyists should be aware of. One of the biggest disadvantages is the cost of purchasing and maintaining an aquarium filter. Aquarium filters can be expensive, especially high-quality models with advanced features and capabilities. In addition, aquarium filters require regular maintenance and replacement of the filter media, which can add to the overall cost of owning and operating one.

Another disadvantage of aquarium filters is that they can be noisy, especially if they are not properly installed or maintained. Aquarium filters typically use pumps and other mechanical components that can produce a humming or buzzing sound, which can be disruptive to both the fish and the aquarium owner. To minimize this noise, it is important to properly install and maintain the aquarium filter, and to choose a model with a good reputation for quiet operation.

Finally, some hobbyists may also be concerned about the impact that aquarium filters have on the environment. Aquarium filters use electricity to operate, and this can contribute to greenhouse gas emissions and other environmental problems. In addition, some aquarium filters use chemicals or other substances that can be harmful to the environment if they are not properly disposed of. To minimize the environmental impact of aquarium filters, hobbyists can choose energy-efficient models and properly dispose of any chemicals or other substances used in the filtration process.

In conclusion, aquarium filters are an essential piece of equipment for any aquarium, providing a range of important benefits for the health and well-being of the fish and plants living inside. However, aquarium filters also come with their own set of advantages and disadvantages that hobbyists need to consider before making a purchase. By weighing the pros and cons and choosing the right aquarium filter for your needs, you can ensure a clean and healthy environment for your fish and plants, while also minimizing any potential drawbacks

UV Light for Room Disinfection: An Effective and Safe Solution

Sun, 11 Dec 2022 14:24:39 GMT

As the world continues to grapple with the spread of infectious diseases, many people are looking for ways to keep their homes and workplaces safe and clean. One solution that has gained popularity in recent years is the use of UV light for room disinfection.

UV light is a type of electromagnetic radiation that falls between visible light and x-rays on the electromagnetic spectrum. It has a shorter wavelength than visible light, which allows it to penetrate cells and disrupt the DNA of microorganisms, including bacteria and viruses.

There are three main types of UV light: UVA, UVB, and UVC. UVA and UVB are the most common forms and are used in tanning beds and for some medical treatments. UVC is the most effective for disinfection, but it is also the most dangerous to humans and is not used in consumer products.

UV light for room disinfection typically involves the use of UVC lamps or LED bulbs. These devices emit UVC light, which can kill bacteria and viruses on surfaces and in the air. They are easy to use and require no chemicals or cleaning agents, making them a safe and effective option for disinfecting rooms.

Six benefits of UV light

There are several benefits to using UV light for room disinfection. Here are six key advantages of this technology:

Rapid and effective disinfection: UV light can kill bacteria and viruses on surfaces and in the air within seconds or minutes, depending on the intensity and duration of exposure. This makes it a fast and effective solution for disinfecting rooms.

Chemical-free cleaning: UV light disinfection does not require the use of chemicals or cleaning agents. This means that it is safe for use around people, pets, and sensitive materials, and there is no risk of toxic residues or contamination.

Safe for humans and animals: UV light is safe for use around humans and animals, as long as it is not directly exposed to the skin or eyes. UVC lamps and LED bulbs are designed to emit UVC light in a controlled manner, so there is no risk of harm to people or pets.

Easy to use and maintain: UV light disinfection devices are easy to use and require minimal maintenance. Most devices have simple controls and can be operated by anyone. They also have long lifespans and can be used repeatedly, making them a cost-effective solution for room disinfection.

Versatile and portable: UV light disinfection devices are versatile and can be used in a variety of settings, including homes, offices, schools, hospitals, and public spaces. They are also portable, so they can be easily moved from one room to another.

Environmentally friendly: UV light disinfection does not produce any hazardous waste or emissions, making it an environmentally friendly solution. It also reduces the need for chemical cleaners and disinfectants, which can have negative impacts on the environment.

In conclusion, UV light for room disinfection is an effective and safe solution for keeping homes and workplaces clean and free of bacteria and viruses. It is fast, chemical-free, and safe for humans and animals, and it is easy to use and maintain. UV light disinfection is a valuable tool in the fight against infectious diseases, and it is an environmentally friendly option for cleaning and disinfecting rooms.

Buying an air pump for your aquarium, important factors to consider

Thu, 08 Dec 2022 20:34:07 GMT

When it comes to maintaining a healthy and vibrant aquarium, an air pump is an essential piece of equipment. Air pumps are used to introduce oxygen into the water, which is necessary for the survival of fish and other aquatic life. In addition, air pumps can also be used to power filters, waterfalls, and other aquarium accessories.

Factors to consider when buying an air pump

When shopping for an air pump for your aquarium, there are several important factors to consider. These include the size and shape of your aquarium, the type of air pump that is best suited to your needs, and the overall cost of the pump. In this article, we will discuss these factors in more detail and provide some tips for choosing the right air pump for your aquarium.

One of the most important factors to consider when buying an air pump is the size and shape of your aquarium. The size of the pump you need will depend on the volume of water in your aquarium, as well as the number and size of the fish and other aquatic life living in your aquarium. In general, you should choose a pump that is capable of providing enough oxygen to support the plants and animals living in your aquarium.

Another important factor to consider is the type of air pump that is best suited to your needs. There are two main types of air pumps available: diaphragm air pumps and piston air pumps. Diaphragm air pumps use a flexible membrane to create air bubbles, while piston air pumps use a piston to compress air and release it into the water.

Diaphragm air pumps are generally quieter and more energy-efficient than piston air pumps, but they are also less powerful and may not be suitable for larger aquariums. Piston air pumps, on the other hand, are more powerful and can provide more oxygen to the aquarium, but they are also louder and less energy-efficient. When choosing between these two types of pumps, it is important to consider the size and shape of your aquarium, as well as your specific needs and preferences.

Another important factor to consider when buying an air pump is the overall cost of the pump. Air pumps can vary greatly in price, depending on the size, type, and brand of the pump. In general, diaphragm air pumps are less expensive than piston air pumps, but they are also less powerful and may not be suitable for larger aquariums.

When shopping for an air pump, it is also important to consider the brand and reputation of the manufacturer. Look for a reputable brand with a proven track record of producing quality air pumps. It is also a good idea to read reviews from other aquarium owners and get their opinions on the different brands and models of air pumps available on the market.

In addition to the factors mentioned above, there are also a few other things to consider when buying an air pump for your aquarium. These include the noise level of the pump, the energy efficiency of the pump, and the compatibility of the pump with other aquarium accessories, such as filters and waterfalls.

Overall, when buying an air pump for your aquarium, it is important to consider the size and shape of your aquarium, the type of air pump that is best suited to your needs, and the overall cost of the pump. By taking the time to carefully research and compare different brands and models, you can find the right air pump for your aquarium and help ensure the health and longevity of your aquatic ecosystem.

Important Factors When Shopping For An Aeration Pump For Your Pond

Thu, 08 Dec 2022 20:20:48 GMT

When it comes to maintaining a healthy pond ecosystem, aeration is an essential aspect of pond management. Aeration refers to the introduction of oxygen into the water, which is necessary for the survival of plants and animals living in the pond. Aeration pumps are a popular tool for introducing oxygen into pond water, and there are many different types and models available on the market.

Shopping for an aeration pump

When shopping for an aeration pump for your pond, there are several important factors to consider. These include the size and shape of your pond, the type of pump that is best suited to your needs, and the overall cost of the pump. In this article, we will discuss these factors in more detail and provide some tips for choosing the right aeration pump for your pond.

Factors to consider when buying an aeration pump

One of the most important factors to consider when buying an aeration pump is the size and shape of your pond. The size of the pump you need will depend on the volume of water in your pond, as well as the depth of the water. In general, you should choose a pump that is capable of providing enough oxygen to support the plants and animals living in your pond.

Another important factor to consider is the type of pump that is best suited to your needs. There are two main types of aeration pumps available: surface aeration pumps and submersible aeration pumps. Surface aeration pumps are installed above the water surface and are typically used in larger ponds or lakes. They are typically more powerful than submersible pumps and can provide more oxygen to the pond.

Submersible aeration pumps, on the other hand, are installed underwater and are typically used in smaller ponds. These pumps are less powerful than surface aeration pumps, but they are also more compact and easier to install. When choosing between these two types of pumps, it is important to consider the size and shape of your pond, as well as your specific needs and preferences.

Another important factor to consider when buying an aeration pump is the overall cost of the pump. Aeration pumps can vary greatly in price, depending on the size, type, and brand of the pump. In general, surface aeration pumps are more expensive than submersible pumps, but they are also more powerful and can provide more oxygen to the pond.

When shopping for an aeration pump, it is also important to consider the brand and reputation of the manufacturer. Look for a reputable brand with a proven track record of producing high-quality aeration pumps. It is also a good idea to read reviews from other pond owners and get their opinions on the different brands and models of aeration pumps available on the market.

Overall, when buying an aeration pump for your pond, it is important to consider the size and shape of your pond, the type of pump that is best suited to your needs, and the overall cost of the pump. By taking the time to carefully research and compare different brands and models, you can find the right aeration pump for your pond and help ensure the health and longevity of your aquatic ecosystem.

Pond Water Purification And Aeration

Thu, 08 Dec 2022 20:09:58 GMT

Pond water purification and aeration

Pond water purification and aeration are important aspects of maintaining a healthy pond ecosystem. In this article, we will discuss the importance of these processes and how aeration pumps can help improve the overall health of your pond.

Pond water purification is the process of removing harmful contaminants from the water in your pond. These contaminants can come from a variety of sources, including agricultural runoff, storm water runoff, and even household chemicals that are used near the pond. If left untreated, these contaminants can lead to a decrease in water quality, which can harm the plants and animals living in the pond.

One way to remove contaminants from pond water is through the use of biological filtration. This process uses beneficial bacteria to break down harmful contaminants and convert them into less harmful substances. This can be done through the use of specialized filtration systems, or by introducing bacteria directly into the pond water.

Aeration is another important process for maintaining a healthy pond ecosystem. Aeration refers to the introduction of oxygen into the water, which is necessary for the survival of plants and animals living in the pond. Oxygen is introduced into the pond through a process called diffusion, which occurs when air bubbles are introduced into the water. This can be done through the use of aeration pumps, which are designed to create bubbles that rise to the surface of the water, allowing oxygen to diffuse into the pond.

Aeration pumps

Aeration pumps are an important tool for maintaining the health of your pond. These pumps work by drawing air into the pump and releasing it into the water in the form of bubbles. The bubbles created by the pump rise to the surface of the water, where they break and release the oxygen into the pond. This helps to improve the overall oxygen levels in the pond, which can benefit the plants and animals living there.

In addition to increasing oxygen levels, aeration pumps can also help to improve the overall circulation of the water in the pond. This is important because it helps to distribute nutrients and other beneficial substances throughout the pond, which can help to support the growth of plants and other aquatic life.

Overall, pond water purification and aeration are essential processes for maintaining a healthy pond ecosystem. By using biological filtration and aeration pumps, you can help to improve the water quality and oxygen levels in your pond, which will benefit the plants and animals living there. By taking the time to properly maintain your pond, you can help to create a thriving aquatic ecosystem that will be enjoyed by generations to come.

Pond Aerator, Important Points For A Healthy Garden Pond

Thu, 22 Jul 2021 20:31:02 GMT

Understand what a garden pond aerator can do for your pond.

You got a pond in your garden, and you want that it is going to be an amazing and healthy pond? Then it is important to know what a pond aerator can do for your pond. Getting that amazing pond is a gradual process, at least, if you do it right.

This blog post will show you 6 points about pond aeration that you need to understand today. These points are especially helpful for people that love gardening and love what is in their garden pond.

How does a pond aerator work?

It is important to understand the working mechanism of aeration, which works by contacting the pond water with air, for example using an air pump that pumps air through the water in your pond via air stones.

With aeration substances dissolved in the ponds water are brought into contact with the air. By the differences in concentration in the pond water and in the air, substances can be introduced into the water, for example, oxygen that enters the water or from the ponds water substances can be transferred to the air. Substances that can be transferred to the air are for example carbon dioxide (CO2) and volatile organic compounds.

What are the advantages of a pond aerator?

An aerator in your pond brings various advantages and benefits to your pond which are amongst other:

Air does not need to be purchased and reduces the need for chemicals
It is a very natural process
Very Effective when applied correctly
Oxygen is added to the ponds water, which increases the pond water quality
Mixes and makes the water homogeneous

What are the disadvantages of a pond aerator?

Well, every advantage has its disadvantage, which is also the case with aerators:

Costs, aeration costs energy, and energy costs money.
Calcium can for and clog pipes
Odor, possible odor due to transfer of smell into the air phase
Low temperatures in your garden can reduce the efficiency of the aerator

What size of aerator do I need for my pond?

Well, that depends really on your ponds size, both in shape, depth, and total amount of gallons of water. A fountain can work very well but does not work so well for water deeper then more then 5 feet. For deeper water, a subsurface aerator works better as it bubbles the air via the air pump and air stones from the bottom to the top of your pond.

When you know the size, depth, and number of gallons of your pond you can decide the horsepower (HP) you need for your ponds fountain or ponds aerator.

How long do I need to aerate my pond?

This is really depending on the size of your pond, the type and amount of hp aerator that you use and the overall water quality and temperature in your part of the world. In some case a couple of hours per day might be sufficient in others 24 hours per day.

What are the costs of a cheap pond aerator?

Pond aerators come in all sizes and shapes... fountains and sub surface air pumps with different amount of horsepower. A simple sub surface aerator for a small pond might costs you only 50 to 100 USD. If you go for a system for 1 acre and ½ HP, think more in the range of 500 USD. When you go for a simple floating solar powered fountain think about 20 USD and when you go for a ½ HP electric floating fountain more in the range of 1000 USD, if you go to 3 HP maybe a round 5000 USD. Prices of course fluctuate also per brand and area of the world.

Be smart and study more about pond aerators before you purchase one, prepare yourself and know the details about your pond in terms of size and what the fish and plants in your pond need. We trust this blog gets you started to get that healthy pond!

How To Get Crystal Clear Pond Water

Sun, 25 Apr 2021 13:34:26 GMT

Crystal clear water in your pond, what you need to know

The plants and the fish in your pond have one thing in common and that is that they need clean pond water to grow and survive. For clean pond water it is important to have a biological equilibrium in your pond. You can get a biological equilibrium by making sure all parameters are right, think about the pH value (acidity or alkalinity), hardness of the water, oxygen content in your pond, solids (waste) and more in your water. There are various purification technologies that you can use to get that crystal clear pond.

Which purification techniques can you use to get clear pond water

There are various purification techniques that you can use for getting that nice clean pond water. Before you decide on what technique to use it is important to understand your ponds details. Gather first information about the following to make sure that you are prepared.

How much water (liter / gallon / m3) does your pond contain?
What source of water do you use for your pond?
What is the temperature of your pond water?
What kind of fish and plants do you have in your pond?
What is the pH of your pond water?
What kind of equipment do you already have installed?

When you have the details about your pond water, then you can go to the next step and that is deciding on the technologies that you can use for your pond. That said, which purification technologies are there that you could potentially use:

*Press on the text above to get detailed information about the technologies

Advantages and disadvantages of pond water purification techniques

All the technologies that you can use have advantages and disadvantages. It is good to be aware of these before you make the selection of the techniques that you will use. Let us go though some of the technologies;

Pond water: Advantages and Disadvantages of Aeration

Aeration helps in removing CO2 from the water and removes certain volatile organics (VOC). The advantages of aeration are the once you have the equipment installed, then it works like a natural process and you do not need to purchase any air. It is very effective for removal and adds as a bonus oxygen to the ponds water and makes sure the water keeps moving. You will have some energy costs and you might get clogged pipes over time. Low temperature can make this process less effective.

Pond water: Advantages and Disadvantages of Activated Carbon

Activated carbon filtration is useful for removing of organic components and also works as a mechanical filter. Benefits of using activated carbon are that it can remove large number of organics and the price is quite low. The disadvantage is that activated carbon becomes saturated over time and that you also need a pumping system.

Pond water: Advantages and Disadvantages of UV

UV is a technology that is effective in reducing microorganisms, bacteria, fungi, and algae from your pond. The advantages are that you do not need to add any chemicals and that is an environmentally friendly process with a relative low energy consumption. The disadvantages are that you need the right amount of energy to make UV effective, it does not remove components and some microorganism might be able to survive UV. UV often also needs additional treatment steps like activated carbon.

Pond water: Advantages and Disadvantages of Sand Filters

Sand filters are effective in removing all kind of particles like seeds, insects, suspended solids and even iron particles. The benefits of sand filters are that they are extremely effective in removing all kind of particles, hardly require maintenance and can work for many years. The disadvantages are that it does not work well with dissolved components and they might get blocked over time due to too much particles being trapped in the sand.

Pond water: Advantages and Disadvantages of Ozone Oxidation

Ozone is extremely effective in destroying organisms, pathogens, bacteria, and some organic components. The advantages of ozone are that it is a common technique that is widely applied, it is produced on location and after oxidation other techniques can remove the components better. The disadvantages are that you do not really remove components so other technologies are needed for that. Ozone can react with certain other chemicals and can be dangerous in usage.

Pond water: Advantages and Disadvantages of Chemicals

There are various types of chemicals like algaecides (you can guess, against algae in your pond), herbicides (against plants and weeds in your pond) and all kind of other pond treatment chemicals. The advantages of chemicals are that they can work very effectively against various components in your pond, however the disadvantages are that you add stuff to your water which can also harm plants and fish if not applied in the right dosing.

Which technology do you select for getting clear pond water

Now that you have run though the steps of having the details about your pond, that you know the technologies that can be used and what their advantages and disadvantages are, you can go to the next step and that is making the treatment plant for your own pond. Depending on the size of the pond it is important to get advice from a local shop or a large company, all depending on the size of your pond, but also what kind of plants or fish you have in your pond. We trust that our information supports you in your journey to get that crystal clear pond water to make your plant, fish and yourself happy!

Uranium: What Are The Advantages Of Nuclear Power?

Sat, 17 Apr 2021 09:25:02 GMT

Advantages of nuclear power plants

10% of the world’s energy is generated in a clean and efficient way by about 440 nuclear power plants. Next to the current running plants there are about 50 plants under construction according to the world nuclear association. Nuclear power comes with advantages and disadvantages, like everything else. Which advantages do we see is listed below.

List of advantages of nuclear power

See below list of potential advantages of nuclear power;

Reliable: Reliable source of baseload energy
Reliable: Nuclear plants run for many decades
Energy: Uranium has a very high energy density
Energy: Uranium is sufficiently available in nature
Energy: Clean source of energy to power todays and the futures energy needs
Environment: One of the smallest carbon footprints
Environment: Extremely low greenhouse gas emissions
Environment: Low amount of waste produced
Cost: Relative low-cost clean energy
Risk: Current power plants have a very low risk for accidents
Risk: Safest energy source, compared to oil, gas and coal
Employment: Nuclear energy needs skilled labor
Technological Advancement: Development of new technology, like small modular reactor

We will keep updating the list with new information when this is received. Thank you for your support in creating this list.

Helon Tusk: A Hydrogen Story

Fri, 16 Apr 2021 10:05:26 GMT

Hydrogen and batteries and the future

A random Monday in 2036 for Helon Tusk

Beep.. Beep.. Beep.. it is Monday 6:30 and I wake up with a light headache from the weekend. Quickly get out of my bed, take a shower and brush my teeth and am almost ready for a new working week. During my English breakfast I quickly order an self-driving airconditioned pod that should drive me to the office and take me be back home again (unfortunately I do not belong to the couple of % of rich people in the world that can buy a private car). 7:00 the pod arrives at my home and drives me to the office, during the drive I get a notification that the pod has past its 2 million km millage, incredible. If we only new in 2021 what the future would look like… great and full of clean green energy!

Battery powered cars are mind-bogglingly stupid (at least in the future)

Almost all big car companies are investing big in battery powered cars, and that is a good thing, as in our current world this is indeed the best technology for powering your car in a green way and to avoid losing a lot of energy. If the future goes in the direction of the above short story then note the following;

Not owning your own car
Self-driving

This makes hydrogen again interesting, as the quick refueling of hydrogen fuel cell powered cars, can support self-driving cars in maximizing their time on the road which leads to a lower overall demand for cars (that would probably not be of interest to the car industry unless you have a certain subscription for the cars that are shared).

What are the advantages of hydrogen fuel cells?

Hydrogen comes with a nice list of advantage compared to for example batteries. See below list of some advantages;

Green hydrogen; The hydrogen used can be from green renewable energy.
High energy density; More powerful and long range.
Low weight and low amount of space needed; improves the car range and aerodynamics.
Emission; Almost zero emissions.
Quick recharging; Quicker on the road

What are the disadvantages of hydrogen fuel cells?

Hydrogen comes also with some disadvantages. (of course, otherwise the current cars would not have batteries but hydrogen fuel cells.) See below list with some disadvantages;

Safety; Hydrogen is highly flammable
Infrastructure; you need a hydrogen transport infrastructure
Efficiency; fuel cells have a low efficiency.
Costs; Green hydrogen costs are still relative high

Hydrogen cars or battery powered cars in the coming years?

For now, the current cars are going to be batteries, almost all major car producers do go for this option. Potentially hydrogen will be a winner for trucks. If the efficiency of the hydrogen fuel cell remains lower then the batteries, then battery powered cars will look like the potential winner today and in the future. If the efficiency of the fuel cell goes up (and green hydrogen costs goes down) and cars need to dive continuously in the future, as in the Helon Tusk story, then hydrogen might be a winner after all. Most likely there is a place for both hydrogen and batteries on this earth.

Aquarium Water: Which Purification Technologies Are There For Your Fish?

Thu, 15 Apr 2021 08:13:18 GMT

Aquarium water: Happy and healthy fish

Calculate Aquarium Volume

The first step in purification is always to understand the volume you have in your aquarium. Please see for that step the calculation sheet below for a square shaped Aquarium.

The thing is that you want to have healthy fish and for healthy fish you need clean aquarium water. Clean water is just as important for fish as clean air for humans. That said, once you know what you want to have in your water you also know what kind of water quality you need. Once you start using water you need to keep it at a certain quality level as you do not want to accumulate waste in your aquarium water (fish just do not like wastewater). To keep the water quality consistent, you need purification technology.

Which water sources do you have available for your aquarium water?

Your starting point will be a source of H2O (water), there are several sources which all contain a different level of other components like microbiology, organics, metals and minerals. Potential water sources that you could use are;

RO (reverse osmosis) water
Well water
Rainwater
Deionized water
Bottled water
Tap water

For the smaller aquariums tap water is a perfect source. For the larger aquarium there might be better sources available.

What are the costs of aquarium water purification?

This can range from 1$ to more than a million dollar. To assess the costs, it is important to know first what you need to remove from your water, how much water you need to purify, which technologies you need and what water quality you need to reach.

Depending on your needs ask a local shop or a engineering company if you are for example Sea World!

8 Purification technologies that you should know of for your aquarium water

1. Activated carbon

Activated carbon (activated coal, activated charcoal) is a special type of carbon that can adsorb various organic molecules, and these are adsorbed on the large surface area by van der Waals forces, next to this an activated carbon filter can also work as a mechanical filter to remove certain solid particles. Activated carbon occurs in different particles size and different forms: powder, extrudates, granules and spheres. (press here to learn more about activated carbon)

2. Aeration

Aeration is contacting a liquid phase with air, this happens in the water purification industry, for example through the use of a turbine aerator that pumps air through the water. Aeration of water can also be done via for example cascades, sprays and plate aerators. (press here to learn more about aeration)

3. Coagulation

To understand coagulation, it is important to know what a colloid is and what coagulation is. Coagulation in water purification, it is destabilizing colloidal particles by neutralizing their charge with an added chemical, a so-called coagulant. A colloid is a small particle that is slightly larger than a molecule and has a diameter between 1 and 1000 nanometers. These particles can be solid, liquid or gaseous. A colloidal system where the particles are solid and the media is liquid, or in other words a colloidal suspension, is in a state that is midway between a solution and a precipitate. These particles are therefore often very difficult to remove. (press here to learn more about coagulation)

4. Ion exchange (IEX)

Ion exchangers (IEX) are spheres of sulphonated synthetic resin that can take ions from liquid, water, process water, condensate water, swimming pool water) by changing them out against other ions. The liquid will flow over a with beads filled with ion exchanger resin column. The beads are solid, and this is often referred to as adsorption resin.

There are also non-ionic resins, these are capable of removing organic contaminants such as for example trichlorethylene and tetrachlorethylene. (press here to learn more about ion exchange)

5. Ozone oxidation

To understand what ozone oxidation is, it is important to first know what ozone is. Ozone is a singular substance of the element oxygen, with gross formula O3. At room temperature and normal pressure, ozone is a gas and is colorless to light blue. Ozone has an unpleasant odor and is irritating. Unlike normal oxygen (O2), Ozone is a strong oxidizer.

The next point to understand is what oxidation is. Oxidation is a chemical process substance (reduction) releases electrons to another substance (oxidizer), the oxidation number of the reducer increases. Ozone decays in water, OH radicals react. These radicals are very short-lived compounds that can oxidize even more strongly than the ozone itself. (press here to learn more about ozone oxidation)

6. Sand filtration

A sand filter is, as one would expect with this name, a filter that is filled with sand. Sand of different particle sizes is contained in a sand filter and at the bottom of a sand filter is a porous double bottom(collector). You can have sand filters ranging from very large to small, this is depending on the flow rate of liquid (usually water). The sand is often in a steel, plastic or concrete filter. (press here to learn more about rapid and slow sand filtration)

7. Ultraviolet

Ultraviolet light is a shorter wavelength than visible light, the shorter wavelength makes it more energy-rich. Because UV is more energy-rich, the ionization potential of organic molecules can be reached, and chemical reactions can be triggered. In connection with the effects of ultraviolet light on people and the environment a distinction is made between UV A, UV B and UV C. See the difference per UV type below:

UV A is ultraviolet radiation with a wavelength between approx. 315 and 400 nm ("long waves ").
UV B has a wavelength between 280 and 315 nm.
UV C has a wavelength between 100 and 280 nm("short-wave radiation")

UV C is the short-wave radiation used in disinfection and sterilization applications (press here to learn more about UV)

8. Reversed osmosis

With reversed osmosis, an applied pressure is used to overcome the osmotic pressure, and, in this way, you can remove various unwanted molecules, larger particles or ions from the aquarium water. This process works like other common membrane technology applications and the pore size of the membranes is .0001 micron which is extremely small. (press here to learn more about RO)

These 8 purification technologies can help to keep your aquarium water quality good enough to keep those guppies, gold fishes, orcas, and rainbowfishes happy and healthy in your aquarium!

Green Hydrogen: Is this The Trend For The Future?

Wed, 14 Apr 2021 10:12:52 GMT

Green Hydrogen Growing In Popularity

Hydrogen popularity chart

In the top chart you see the global trend for the period of 12 months for hydrogen. The blue color is the line for green hydrogen, red for grey hydrogen and yellow for blue hydrogen. (I know, it would have been nicer if the colors matched.) It can be clearly seen that there is a growing interest in green hydrogen.

Hydrogen a short recap

Hydrogen which appears as colorless gas has come a long way since it's discovery by Henry Cavendish (1766) and naming by Antoine Lavoisier (1783)

Our smallest of the 118 chemical elements with symbol H, was in the early days of 2000 a very hot topic, however lost quite some popularity but is gaining strong interest again. The early interest, years ago, had to do with hydrogen for fuel cells in cars, we all know that this seems to be a market for batteries today and in the future. Now we see a new interest due to hydrogen for usage in trucks, heavy duty vehicles but also for applications in for example the steel industry.

Why is green hydrogen gaining popularity?

Due to wind energy and solar energy there is a good way to use the excess capacity to make hydrogen in a clean way via electrolysis. The "green" hydrogen can then be used in various markets. The development are speeding up, and that leads to a higher interest.

Green hydrogen in the transport sector

In the transport sector where for example ships and truck are almost continuously used there is a big advantage for hydrogen compared to batteries. The main advantage is the quick refueling which does not take much more time compared to benzine or diesel and safe lots of time compared to charging batteries.

Green hydrogen for steel production

Steel production can be done in a fossil fuel way by using green hydrogen. There is already a project in Sweden for a steel production plant that will run on hydrogen, this plant should be operation in 2024. This can be a game changer in steel production as this process in much more environmental friendly.

Green hydrogen for house hold applications

In some countries like for example the Netherlands there is a big pipeline network for natural gas, this network could move to hydrogen from renewable sources. The hydrogen could then for example be used for heating purposes.

Will hydrogen impact purification needs?

There will be an impact, there will be new applications coming due to new processes that are developed and these will have new purification needs.

Ozone Oxidation: How Does It Work And What Are The Advantages And Disadvantages

Tue, 16 Mar 2021 16:46:35 GMT

Ozone is often used for the disinfecting effect, but what is it and how does it work..in this blog we will discuss the purification technique ozone oxidation. We will go into the the following topics;

What is ozone oxidation?
How is ozone produced?
How does ozone oxidation work?
What are the benefits of ozone oxidation?
What are the disadvantages of ozone oxidation?
What can be removed (oxidized)with ozone oxidation?
Ozone and quality standards

USE OUR PURIFICATION TECHNIQUES SELECTION TOOL TO LEARN MORE ABOUT VARIOUS TECHNIQUES, CLICK HERE

What is ozone oxidation?

How is ozone produced?

Ozone is a gas that comes from air, more often dry air because gives better returns. By using high electrical voltage (Corona discharge), oxygen (O₂) from the air is converted into ozone (O₃).

How does ozone oxidation work?

As above, the effect of ozone oxidation is known, so it is not really removal because components are not removed out of the process. The oxidation can be done via reaction with ozone or via indirect reactions with OH Radicals. The components in fresh water are oxidized. In the case of micro-genes the cell walls and the genetic material from the cells will be oxidized.

What are the benefits of ozone oxidation?

Widely applicable for oxidation of various components.
Oxidized substances are easier to remove via other purification techniques.
No transport needed, is produced on location

What are the disadvantages of ozone oxidation?

No deletion, it is oxidized and not removed.
Short disinfectant operation
Safety, Ozone reacts with bromide to bromate (carcinogenic substance)
Solid particles may adversely affect the operation of ozone
Safety, strong Oxidizing agents are dangerous and harmful to health

What can you "remove" via ozone oxidation?

Ozone is often used for the disinfecting effect (against pathogenic organisms, pathogens, bacteria, viruses and endospore), but also for components such as unwanted color, odor, and flavors (organic components). Also organic micro-contaminants, such as pesticides and medicines can be oxidized by ozone. The oxidized substances are often less soluble in water so that they remove better with other purification techniques. Ozone is often applied in potable water production, swimming pool water and cooling water purification, control from odor and disinfecting waste water.

Ozone and quality standards

NPR-CEN/TR 14740:2004 en - Chemicals used for treatment of water intended for human consumption - Ozone-Production - Guidelines for installations and minimal functional requirements
ASTM D7677 - 16en - Standard Test Method for the Continuous Measurement of Dissolved Ozone in Low Conductivity Water
NEN-EN 1278:2010 en - Chemicals used for treatment of water intended for human consumption - Ozone
NEN-EN 15074:2014 en - Chemicals used for treatment of swimming pool water - Ozone

In this blog we discussed the basics of ozone oxidation. We have discussed the following points for ozone oxidation, what is ozone oxidation, how does ozone oxidation work, what are the advantages and disadvantages of ozone oxidation and what can one actually do remove with ozone oxidation. Also read our other and future blogs about various purification techniques.

Sand Filtration: Advantages, Disadvantages And How Does It Work

Sun, 14 Mar 2021 01:00:00 GMT

Sand filtration is a technique that is used in water treatment and makes use of the porous nature of sand to trap various components. The techniques is often used in combination with other filtration techniques like activated carbon. In this blogwe will discuss the basics of rapid and slow sand filtration. We will go through the following subjects;

What is a sand filter?
How does sand filtration work?
What are the differencesbetween rapid and slow sand filtration?
What are the advantages of sand filtration?
What are the disadvantages of sand filtration?
What can actually be removed with sand filtration?

USE OUR PURIFICATION TECHNIQUES SELECTION TOOL TO LEARN MORE ABOUT VARIOUS TECHNIQUES, CLICK HERE

What is a sand filter?

A sand filter is, as one would expect with this name, a filter that is filled with sand. Sand of different particle sizes is contained in a sand filterand at the bottom of a sand filter is a porous double bottom (collector). You can have sand filters ranging from very large tosmall, this is depending on the flow rate of liquid (usually water). The sand is often in a steel, plastic or concrete filter.

How does sand filtration work?

A sand filterworks in a way that the water flows from top to bottom through a sand bed, sand of a certain particle size is used. Theparticle size of the sand depends on what people want to remove from the water, it is often seen that different layers are used withdifferent particle size to remove various floating particles. In the sand bed is a porous layer that ensures the operation of the filter. Various physical and biological process can also take place in a sand filter that causes removal of even more components. The removed particleswill accumulate in the upper layer of a sand filter and after expiration oftime, more pressure will be needed to get the water through the sand filter.In order to prevent a filter from becoming clogged, one will after a while backwash the sand filter, whereby the removed particles are flushed out and the filter can be used again. Thisback-washing is done by reversing the flow direction of the water.

What are the differences between rapid and slow sand filtration?

The difference between fast and slow sand filtration is that with a slow sand filter,in addition to the mechanical method of removal, also biologically organic material is broken down, this is because there is a biomass in the filter. You cannot backwash a slow sand filter because you then remove the biomass from the filter and then it loses its biological effect.

What are the advantages of a sand filter?

Various floating particles can be removed
Deferrisation, demagnisation and ammonia can be removed
Reduction of protozoa and bacteria
Easy to operate and low maintenance requirements
Effective removal and long lifetime

What are the disadvantages of a sand filter?

Disposed water must be treated (extra costs)
Not very effective against viruses
Filters canclog (major disadvantage with slow sand filtration)
Fine dust in waterwhich is too small to be remove
Height weight of the filters makes transport difficult

What can be removed with sand filtration?

Sand filtration can remove the following; solid particles, sludge, insects, seeds, precipitated iron and manganese particles and due to physical and biological process in the filter various protozoa and bacteria can also be reduced in numbers. This is removed from, for example, surface water, cooling water, waste water, process water, swimming pool water and drinking water.

In this blog we discussed the basics of sand filtration (fast and slow sand filtration). We discussed the following points, what is sand filtration and how does it work, what are the differences between fast and slow sand filtration, what are the advantages and disadvantages of a sand filter and what can actually be removed with a sand filter. Also read our other and future blogs about various purification techniques.

Ion Exchange (IEX): How Do They Work And What Are The Advantages And Disadvantages

Sun, 14 Mar 2021 01:00:00 GMT

Spheres of sulphonated synthetic resin.. yes we will discuss ion exchange resins (IEX) which are used for various water treatment applications like water softening, water demineralization and processes as desinfection, deionization and dealkalization. In this blog we will go into the following themes;

What is an ion exchanger?
How does an ion exchanger work?
What are the advantages of an ion exchanger?
What are the disadvantages of ion exchanger?
What can be removed with ion exchanger?
Ion exchange and quality standards

What is an ion exchanger?

Ion exchangers (IEX) are spheres of sulphonated synthetic resin that can take ions from liquid, water, process water, condensate water, swimming pool water) by changing them out against other ions. The liquid will flow over a with beads filled with ion exchanger resin column. The beads are solid and this is often referred to as adsorption resin.

There are also non-ionic resins, these are capable of removing organic contaminants such as for example trichlorethylene and tetrachlorethylene.

What do the dictionaries say about ion exchange;

"The process of reciprocal transfer of ions between a solution and a resin or other suitable solid."

Source: https://www.dictionary.com/browse/ion-exchange

"A reversible chemical reaction between an insoluble solid and a solution during which ions may be interchanged, used in water softening and in the separation of radioactive isotopes."

Source: https://www.yourdictionary.com/ion-exchange

How does an ion exchanger work?

A ion exchanger works on the basis of exchange of ions (as the name implies).A little bit of background information about what an ion is; an ion is an electric charged atom or molecule that is present in, for example, water as K + Na +,CA 2+ or Cl-, positive ions are called cations and negative ions anions. If negative ions are removed, then an anion exchanger is used, if it is desired to remove positive ions then one can use a cation exchanger. In some cases you can do both in one system, this is called a mixed bed(mixed bed system).After some time an ion exchanger is saturated, it can be regenerated with a regenerant usually this is an acid or a base. The resin particles have often a uniform particle size. A uniform particle size has a number of advantages over a large spreard of the particle size of the resin particles. Benefits include; better water quality, better separation layered beds and mixed beds, higher efficiency and greater mechanical stability.

What are the advantages of an ion exchanger?

Selective removal is possible by choosing the right ion exchanger
High removal efficiency is possible for cations and anions
Regeneration of the bed gives a very long service life (disadvantage of acid and base required = costs)
Ion exchangers can also work well with low water pressure

What are the disadvantages of an ion exchanger?

Sensitive to pollution, think, for example, of suspended particles
Resin can be sensitive for oxidizing substances
Cost of acids and bases for regeneration
Often a pre-purification step is needed such as aeration of the water, sedimentation and sand filtration.
Efficacy can be reduced due to fouling, by for example mineral scaling or surface clogging
Disposal costs of the acids and bases used for regeneration

What can be removed with an ion exchanger?

With an ion exchanger, cations can be removed (e.g., K +, Na +, CA2 +, Fe3 +, Cu2 +, Mg +)and anions can be removed (e.g., Cl, SO3 2-, NO3-, CO3 2-) from for example drinking water, spring water, process water and condensate water. A lot of elements from the periodic system of elements in ionic form and substances like PFAS can be removed with this technique.

Ion exchange and quality standards

Follow the link for a separate blog about this topic "ion exchange and quality standards" .

In this blog we have given a basic knowledge about the meaning and effects of the purification technology ion exchanger, we have discussed here what an ion exchanger is, how it does work, what the advantages and disadvantages of ion exchangers are and what can be removed with an ion exchanger and from what kind of liquids. Also read our other and future blogs about various purification techniques

Coagulation: What Can This Technique Do For You?

Sun, 14 Mar 2021 01:00:00 GMT

Coagulation is an essential part in both drinking water and waste water treatment and in this blog we will elaborate on this purification technique. We will discuss the following themes;

What is coagulation?
How does coagulation work?
What are the advantages of coagulation?
What are the disadvantages of coagulation?
What can actually be removed via coagulation?
Coagulation and quality standards

“You can do it through coagulation; remove various small particles"

What is coagulation?

To understand coagulation it is important to know what a colloid is and what coagulation is. Coagulation in water purification, it is destabilizing colloidal particles by neutralizing there charge with an added chemical, a so-called coagulant. A colloid is a small particle that is slightly larger than a molecule and has a diameter between 1 and 1000 nanometers. These particles can be solid, liquid or gaseous. A colloidal system where the particles are solid and the media is liquid, or in other words a colloidal suspension, is in a state that is midway between a solution and a precipitate. These particles are therefore often very difficult to remove.

There are basically two major categories of coagulants the iron and aluminum coagulants. Iron coagulants include, ferric sulfate, ferrous sulfate, ferric chloride and ferric chloride sulfate. Aluminum coagulants include, aluminum chloride, aluminum sulfate and sodium aluminate. Hydrated lime and magnesium carbonate are other chemicals that are also used for coagulation.

USE OUR PURIFICATION TECHNIQUES SELECTION TOOL TO LEARN MORE ABOUT VARIOUS TECHNIQUES, CLICK HERE

How does coagulation work?

Coagulation is all about destabilizing colloidal particles by adding chemicals. This will cause these particles to clump together (by van der Waals forces) to larger agglomerates (particles or flakes). In the water industry people, for example, use a coagulant such as FeCl3 together with the water that needs to be treated, the FeCl3 ensures that the process of coagulation can take place in a filter or vessel. Often there is yet another purification technique used to remove the formed particles, the particles settle or float in the water. Settled particles removal is usually through sedimentation and the floating particles are removed via flotation, or the water passes over a filter and this is called filtration. Intervention of a coagulant should be done as quickly as possible for effective operation. High short-term mixing energy is a requirement here. (The flake formation (particle formation) is with low mixing energy).

Important when applying coagulation is determining the right coagulant, the optimal pH value, and the correct dosage. To determine this practical tests are done, these tests are called Jar tests.

What are the benefits of coagulation?

Small installations, high flow rate possible with a relatively small installation
Robust process, security
Good return, high achieve removal efficiencies for particles that are difficult to remove

What are the disadvantages of coagulation?

Precipitation from calcium carbonate (lime) due to possible pH changes in the filter or pipes
Use of chemicals required compared to, for example, aeration
Costs, contaminated sludge often still has to be processed.

What can be removed via coagulation?

With coagulation you can remove various small particles such as, phosphates (orto and total P), humus and fulvic acids. In addition, it is also possible to reduce fats, carbohydrates, proteins, microorganisms and (heavy) metals. Coagulation is applied in the drinking water, waste water, textile, water treatment, food and metal treatment industry.

Coagulation and quality standards

ASTM D4188 - 17 en - Standard Practice for Performing Pressure In-Line Coagulation-Flocculation-Filtration Test in Water
ASTM D2035 - 19 en - Standard Practice for Coagulation-Flocculation Jar Test of Water

In this blog the basis of the purification technique coagulation has been discussed. We have discussed the following themes what is coagulation, how does coagulation work, what are the benefits and disadvantages of coagulation and what can actually be removed through coagulation. Also read our other and future blogs about various purification techniques

Aeration | How does it work | Advantages and Disadvantages

Sun, 14 Mar 2021 01:00:00 GMT

With aeration substances dissolved in water are brought into contact with the gas phase (air) and are removed. In this blog we will discuss the purification technique aeration and will dive in the following themes;

What is aeration?
How does aeration work?
What are the benefits of aeration?
What are the disadvantages of aeration?
What can be removed with aeration and from what can this be removed?
Aeration and quality standards

"In addition to purifying, oxygen is added to water during aeration"

What is aeration?

USE OUR PURIFICATION TECHNIQUES SELECTION TOOL TO LEARN MORE ABOUT VARIOUS TECHNIQUES, CLICK HERE

How does aeration work?

With aeration substances dissolved in water are brought into contact with the gas phase (air). By the differences in concentration in the water and in the air substances can be introduced in the water, for example, oxygen that enters the water or from water substances can be transferred to the gas phase (eg removal of carbon dioxide).The last of the two is purification technique aeration. A purification technique which also uses the difference in concentrations of liquid and air are vacuum installations or vacuum degassers, these ensure, by creating a vacuum, that the solubility of an unwanted product is lowered in the water phase and therefore easier to remove.

what are the benefits of aeration?

Air does not need to be purchased
Natural process
Effective, with correct conditions effective removal possible
Addition, oxygen is added to the water.
Mix, aerate ensures that the water is well mixed and remains homogeneous

What are the disadvantages of aeration?

Costs, aeration costs energy
Clogged pipes, higher mechanical stress and damage to aerators, for example calcium layers that form (due to the aerobic purification, the calcium carbonate settles)
Odor, possible odor emissions to the environment
Used air often needs to be purified
Sensitive, low (outside) temperature can reduce the efficiency of air stripping

What can you remove with aeration and from what?

Via the purification technology aeration it is possible to remove or reduce volatile compounds, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and carbon dioxide. One can remove these components from, for example, sewage, waste water, pond water and groundwater. A very positive one is that the technique also adds components such as oxygen.

Aeration and quality standards

NEN-EN 12255-15:2003 en - Wastewater treatment plants -Part 15: Measurement of the oxygen transfer in clean water in aeration tanks of activated sludge plants

In this blog we went into the basics of the purification technology aeration. We have commented on the following themes what is aeration, how does aeration work, what are the advantages and disadvantages of aeration and what can one actually remove through aeration. Also read our other and future blogs about various purification techniques.

Activated Carbon | Detailed overview

Sun, 14 Mar 2021 01:00:00 GMT

Activated carbon (also called activated coal or activated charcoal) is a special type of carbon that can adsorb various molecules from both liquid and gas phase. In this blog we will dive in the world of the purification technique activated carbon . We will discuss the following themes;

What is activated carbon?
How does activated carbon work?
What are the benefits of activated carbon?
What are the disadvantages of activated carbon?
What can be removed with activated carbon and from what can this be removed?
What is a activated carbon face mask?
Activated carbon and quality standards

“One gram of activated carbon has an surface area that can be as large as a football field ”

What is activated carbon?

Activated carbon is a special type of carbon that can adsorb various molecules and these are adsorbed in the large surface area by van der Waals forces. A gram of activated carbon has a surface area that can be as large as a football field, this means a surface area of 500 to 2000 m2/g and sometimes even more. The surface area of activated carbon is divided into micro, meso and marco pores.

Micropores r < 1 nm (nm = nanometer)
Mespores r 1-25 nm
Macropores r > 25 nm

Activated carbon occurs in different particle sizes and also in different forms:

PAC = Powder Activated Carbon

GAC = Granular Activated Carbon

EAC = Extruded Activated Carbon

SAC = Sperical Activated Carbon

GAC, EAC and SAC are often used in an activated carbon filter. This can be for example an activated carbon air filter or activated carbon water filter.

An important parameter for various applications is the density of activated carbon; learn more in this blog; activated carbon density.

Next to above also activated carbon cloth, activated carbon fibers, activated carbon honeycombs, activated charcoal pills and activated carbon blocks can be seen as a separate shape or type.

The activated carbon (activated charcoal) definition according to the dictionaries:

"Highly absorbent carbon obtained by heating granulated charcoal to exhaust contained gases, resulting in a very porous form with a large surface area. It is used chiefly for purifying gases by adsorption, solvent recovery, or deodorization and as an antidote to certain poisons. Also called activated carbon."

Source: https://www.yourdictionary.com/activated-charcoal#americanheritage

"A form of carbon having very fine pores: used chiefly for adsorbing gases or solutes, as in various filter systems for purification, deodorization, and decolorization."

Source: https://www.dictionary.com/browse/activated--charcoal

How is activated carbon made?

Activated carbon can be made through various processes and from various carbon-containing raw materials.Often raw materials such as, coal, brown coal, charcoal or coconut shells are used. There are also none natural resources that are used to make synthetic activated carbons.After the raw material comes the activation process, the best known process is the steam activation process which involves a carbon source which is first carbonized and then activated at around 1000 degrees with steam. Another process is chemical activation involving chemicals, for example phosphoric acid, a raw material is impregnated and then activated at around 500 degrees.

How does activated carbon work?

Activated carbon has through the micro, meso and macro pores have a selective adsorption capacity which works by the van der Waals forces. Activated carbon therefore works on the basis of adsorption (ie not absorption). When using activated carbon in, for example, water or gas or air the molecules that one wants to remove eventually end up via diffusion in the pore structure of the activated carbon where the adsorption takes place.

Another option is to impregnate activated carbon with chemicals (minerals, metals, etc) and use the large surface area in combination with the chemicals for chemicalsorption or catalytic processes.

What are the benefits of activated carbon?

Very high removal capacity for organic components
Cost-effective product, good price performance
Reuse, in some cases activated carbon can be reactivated and reused

What are the disadvantages of activated carbon?

Non-selective removal for certain molecules
Impurities (eg Metals or minerals) can leach out into a liquid
Black dust

What can be removed with activated carbon and from what?

Activated carbon is the champion in the amount of purification applications. Think of applications as below;

Medicine, removal of colors or removal of toxic substances.
Potable water or wastewater purification
Removal of mineral oil
Removal of PFAS (PFOA, PFOS)
Removal of BTEX
Removal of poly aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and removal of phenols.
Process industry, removal of dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls.
Removal of colors and removal of odors.
Fruit juices, removal of phenols and removal of patoline
Sugar, removal of color
Biogas, removal of VOCs and removal of H2S or siloxanes
Flue gas, removal of dioxins
Flue gas, removal of mercury
Water, removal of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs)

What is a activated carbon face mask?

The corona virus (COVID) is a thing that you want to avoid and one off things that is used, for reducing the risks, are face masks. There are various types of face masks like, pm 2.5 activated carbon filters, N95 masks, FFP1, FFP2 and FFP3 masks. Some will contain activated carbon, and some not. What is important, when you buy such a mask, is that you understand for what you buy it for, is it for particles only or also removal off other things like viruses. Our advice; Check carefully what you buy, where you buy it and if it is single use or can be used multiple-times.

The activated carbon face mask does of course contain activated carbon. The activated carbon containing mask can potentially remove various contaminants from the air and adsorb these in the pore structure of the carbon like described above. The face masks often contain out of various layers of fabrics and a layer that has powder activated carbon in it.

Activated carbon and quality standards

Follow the link to our separate blog about " activated carbon and quality standards ".

We have discussed in this blog the purification technique activated carbon. We have discussed the following themes what is activated carbon, how does activated carbon work, how does it become activated carbon and what are the advantages and disadvantages of activated carbon and what can be removed with activated carbon. Also read our other and future blogs about various purification techniques.

Purification Techniques: 8 Techniques That You Should Know About

Fri, 12 Mar 2021 19:29:17 GMT

In this blog we will discuss the basics of various purification techniques. The topics that will be covered in this blog provide answers to the questions; what purification techniques are, what types of purification techniques there are and briefly discusses frequently used techniques in the water industry.

If we go to the word purification techniques, one sees that this is made up of purification and techniques. Purifying means cleaning or removing something that is undesirable, if you look at purifying water, for example, you mean removing unwanted substances or particles from water. The word techniques, in turn, describes the way or technology used to do the cleaning.

What are purification techniques?

What kind of purification techniques are there?

There are many examples of purification techniques such as sand filtration, activated carbon filtration, ozone oxidation, ion exchange and chemical purification. These techniques are all aimed at removing particles (molecules, particulate matter, insects, etc.) from a gas, air, liquid or a solid. Below we will give a brief description of commonly used classics and modern purification techniques in the water industry.

Classic purification techniques

Fast and slow sand filtration

Fast sand filter

A fast sand filter works as follows: thewater flows through a sand bed from top to bottom. All impurities that arelarger than the space between the grains of sand (such as insects and seeds)are blocked. Impurities that are smaller (algae, dissolved substances and smallparticles) are not blocked by the sand bed.

Slow sand filter

A slow sand filter also contains sand, butthe flow (flow rate of the water) is much lower. A biomass develops in a slowsand filter which biodegrades contaminants. Such a filter is therefore not back washed, because it would cause the biomass to disappear.

Activated carbon filtration

Aeration and degassing

Coagulation

In water purification, coagulation is destabilizing colloidal particles by neutralizing their charge with an added chemical substance, a so-called coagulant. A colloid, incidentally, is a very small particle that is slightly larger than a molecule and has a diameter between 1 and 1000 nanometers.

Modern purification techniques

UV (Ultraviolet) Disinfection / Sterilization

Ozone oxidation

Ozonation is a chemical oxidation method with the aim of inactivating and / or destroying pathogenic organisms also called pathogens. Organic micro-pollutants, such as pesticides and medicines, are also oxidized by ozone.

Ion exchange

Ion exchangers are spheres of sulfonated synthetic resin that can remove unwanted ions from a liquid (normally water) by exchanging them with other ions. The liquid is poured over a column filled with spheres of ion exchange resin. The unwanted ions in the liquid alternate with the ions that are attached to the support. Exchange with equivalent electro valences, for example Ca2 + on the support will be exchanged with two protons.

In this blog we have provided basic knowledge about the meaning of purification techniques and we have discussed a number of different techniques, also read our other and future blogs about purification techniques, like recrystallization .

Reversed Osmosis (RO): How Does It Work And What Are The Advantages And Disadvantages

Wed, 10 Mar 2021 20:31:31 GMT

Reversed osmosis(RO), the famous water purification technology with the beautiful name. Some how it just sounds much better than UV disinfection or mechanical filtration. We will dive into the details on; what is RO, how does RO work, what are the advantages and disadvantages of RO and what can be removed with RO.

What is reversed osmosis?

Let us first look at the name reversed osmosis, what reversed is we will not mention. If we look to osmosis then this is a process in which molecules of a solvent pass a semipermeable membrane from a less concentrated into a more concentrated solvent, now that this is clear we already have a basic understanding of reversed osmosis.

What do the dictionaries say about this:

"the process in which pure water is produced by forcing waste or saline water through a semipermeable membrane."

Source: https://www.dictionary.com/browse/reverse-osmosis

"a method of extracting essentially pure, fresh water from polluted or salt water by forcing the water under pressure against a semipermeable membrane, which passes the pure water molecules and filters out salts and and other dissolved impurities"

Source: https://www.yourdictionary.com/reverse-osmosis

How does reversed osmosis work?

In reversed osmosis, an applied pressure is used to overcome the osmotic pressure and in this way, you can remove various unwanted molecules, larger particles or ions from for example water. This process works like other common membrane technology applications and the pore size of the membranes is .0001 micron which is extremely small.

Advantages reversed osmosis

Reversed osmosis does not add any chemicals to water
Reversed osmosis does produce good tasting potable water
Reversed osmosis can remove many molecules and substances efficiently
Reversed osmosis costs are relatively low

Disadvantages reversed osmosis

Reversed osmosis causes a lot of wastewater
Reversed osmosis often needs other purification technology as pretreatment steps
Reversed osmosis membranes might need to be replaced often
Damaged reversed osmosis membranes can let microorganisms through
Reversed osmosis is a slow process which makes it not always suitable

What can be removed via reversed osmosis?

Typical applications of reversed osmosis are potable water production, desalination of water, wastewater purification, kidney dialysis and various other water application that require better water quality. A lot can be removed with the reversed osmosis technology; protozoa (giardia, cryptosporidium, etc.), bacteria (salmonella, E. coli, etc.), viruses(rotavirus, norovirus, etc.) and various chemical contaminants like metal ions, pfas , and salts.

Reversed osmosis quality standards

In case you are planning some test on RO membranes below list of test methods might help you, there are of course much more test methods available, but these can get you started.

ASTM D3739 - 19 en - Standard Practice for Calculation and Adjustment of the Langelier Saturation Index for Reverse Osmosis
ASTM D4516 - 19 en - Standard Practice for Standardizing Reverse Osmosis Performance Data
ASTM D4472 - 08(2014) en - Standard Guide for Record keeping for Reverse Osmosis and Nanofiltration Systems
ASTM D5615 - 07e1 en - Standard Test Method for Operating Characteristics of Home Reverse Osmosis Devices
ASTM D3923 - 08(2014) en - Standard Practices for Detecting Leaks in Reverse Osmosis and Nanofiltration Devices
ASTM D4194 -03(2014) en - Standard Test Methods for Operating Characteristics of Reverse Osmosis and Nanofiltration Devices
ASTM D4195 - 08(2014) en - Standard Guide for Water Analysis for Reverse Osmosis and Nanofiltration Application
ASTM D4993 - 08(2014) en - Standard Practice for Calculation and Adjustment of Silica (SiO2) Scaling for Reverse Osmosis
ASTM D4692 - 01(2017) en - Standard Practice for Calculation and Adjustment of Sulfate Scaling Salts (CaSO4, SrSO4, and BaSO4) for Reverse Osmosis and Nanofiltration

In this blog we went into the basics of the purification technique RO. We did elaborate on the following themes; what is RO, how does RO work, what are the advantages and disadvantages of RO and what can one remove with RO. Also read our other and future blogs about various purification techniques.

Recrystallization: 5 Points That You Should Know

Wed, 03 Mar 2021 01:00:00 GMT

Recrystallization, also known as fractional crystallization, is a powerful purification technique and is often applied in the chemical industry, pharmaceutical industry and probably in breaking bad to make other stuff. How does this technique work and what is it? We will address the following topics in this blog;

What is recrystallization?
How does recrystallization work?
What are the advantages of recrystallization?
What are the disadvantages of recrystallization?
What can actually be removed with recrystallization and from what?

“Especially with organic synthesis recrystallization a frequently used purification technique "

What is recrystallization?

In chemistry, and especially with organic synthesis and analytical chemistry, recrystallization is an often applied purification technique. The recrystallization procedure is that a material is dissolved and re-crystallized under other conditions to reach higher purity levels.

The recrystallization definition according to the dictionary is: "t o become crystallized again ".

How does recrystallization work?

In the case of recrystallization, the recrystallization procedure is that one solidifies crystallized material and this is finally crystallized again to obtain the final product; crystals with the desired size, shape, purity and yield. The underlying mechanisms, dissolution and recrystallization can also minimize the internal energy of the crystal so that a better energy balance is achieved, resulting in a stable polymorphic product. Usually, recrystallization is intentionally applied to crystals and processes to optimize these. The method works based on the principle that the recrystallizing substance is low soluble in a given solvent at a low temperature(e.g. ethanol or acetone), but much more soluble at higher temperature.

There are various recrystallization methods like;

Single-solvent recrystallization
Multi-solvent recrystallization
Hot filtration-recrystallization
Single perfect crystals (for X-ray analysis)
Seeding

What are the benefits of recrystallization?

To achieve high efficiency, the purification technique works especially well when the difference in solubility between hot and cold large is.
Organic chemistry, very good to apply technique in organic chemistry.

What are the disadvantages of recrystallization?

Unwanted or by-products, uncontrolled recrystallization can cause the undesired production of hydrates and solvents or polymorphic transformations.
Much research needed (high costs and a lot of time), choosing the right solvent is therefore important and this usually requires a lot research.

What can be purified with recrystallization?

Various products become, through recrystallization, purified in the chemical and pharmaceutical industry in particular;

Salicylic acid (painkiller)
Benzoic acid (food additive, E210)
Cocaine (stimulant that belongs to the alkaloids)
Potassium perchlorate (very powerful oxidizer)

Melting is a variant of recrystallization and this is mainly used as a purification technique for silicon and other semiconductors for making various electronic components.

In this blog we discussed the basics of the purification technique recrystallization. We have discussed the following themes; what is recrystallization, how does recrystallization work, what are the advantages and disadvantages of recrystallization and what can actually be removed with recrystallization. Also read our other and future blogs about various purification techniques.

UV Disinfection: 7 Most Important Things You Need To Know

Tue, 02 Mar 2021 01:00:00 GMT

UV light provides effective and rapid inactivation of microorganism trough a physical process. In this blog we will discuss the basis of the UV (Ultraviolet) Disinfection / Sterilization purification technique. We will go trough the following subjects;

Understanding Ultraviolet (UV) Light and Its Types
How does UV disinfection / sterilization work?
What are the advantages of UV disinfection?
What are the disadvantages of UV disinfection?
What can be removed via UV Disinfection?
UV light for room disinfection
UV and quality standards

Understanding Ultraviolet (UV) Light and Its Types

UV Light: Unveiling the Invisible Spectrum

UV, short for Ultraviolet, also known as black light or UV light, is a form of electromagnetic radiation that lies just beyond the range of the human eye's perception. With wavelengths ranging between 100 and 400 nm (nanometers), ultraviolet radiation possesses a shorter wavelength than visible light, resulting in a higher energy content. This heightened energy level enables UV to reach the ionization potential of organic molecules and initiate chemical reactions.

Distinguishing the Variants of UV

When considering the impact of ultraviolet light on both living organisms and the environment, it is important to differentiate between three distinct types: UV A, UV B, and UV C. Each type of UV radiation has its unique characteristics:

UV A: Often referred to as "long waves," UV A exhibits a wavelength ranging approximately from 315 to 400 nm.
UV B: Occupying a wavelength between 280 and 315 nm, UV B falls within a shorter range compared to UV A.
UV C: Known as "short-wave radiation," UV C encompasses wavelengths between 100 and 280 nm. UV C is specifically utilized in disinfection and sterilization applications.

Understanding these divisions allows for a comprehensive comprehension of the diverse effects and applications of ultraviolet light.

How does UV disinfection work?

UV C disinfection is based on the absorption of UV C radiation by, for example, micro-organisms. With the rapid absorption of the UV-C, the DNA and RNA becomes damaged in the micro-organisms, so that the microorganisms can no longer reproduce. Just like with a normal lamp, the power is expressed in UV lamps in Watts (W). The more Watts the UV lamp has, the more power and effect for disinfection or sterilization this lamp will have.

Benefits of UV disinfection?

UV has no addition of chemicals that may affect taste, odor and color or that are there have to be purified again later on.
UV is environmentally friendly. In principle, no harmful intermediates arise and only cost energy.
UV does not create carcinogenic disinfection by-products
UV light has many application areas and is an effective disinfection method.
UV light works quick, safe and is easy to use and maintain.
Ability to inactivate protozoa like cryptosporidium and giardia.
UV light has low energy costs .

Disadvantages of UV disinfection?

UV light needs the right amount of energy to be effective.
UV light is effective for microorganisms not for chemicals.
Photochemical damage caused by UV may be repaired by some organisms.
UV light does not delete, but only "breaks".

What can be removed via UV disinfection?

With UV disinfection and sterilization microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi and traces on or in all kinds of materials or substances are killed or greatly reduced in number. Pathogenic organisms like cholera, polio, typhoid, hepatitis and other bacteria are also inactivated with great efficacy. The sterilization and disinfection of air and water is mainly done with use of UV light. Ultraviolet light is often combined with peroxide for organic waste and makes organic micro-pollutants harmless.It is more about breaking down than removing with UV light.

UV light for room disinfection

UV-C is very effective in disinfection or sanitizing rooms and spaces by killing viruses and bacteria that are present in that room. If you have UV light with enough Watt, and you have for example the corona-virus exposed to it for multiple seconds, then it can be killed or significantly reduced in number. Various sources say that around 6 seconds of exposure to UV light can kill about 99% of Covid-19 (the amount of watt was not mentioned here). This is one of the reasons that UV is used for disinfection of the air and surfaces in rooms.

UV and quality standards

NEN-EN-ISO 15858:2016 en - UV-C Devices - Safety information - Permissible human exposure

In this blog we have provided basic knowledge about the meaning of UV light and we discussed how this purification technique works, what the pros and cons are and what you can remove or inactivate with it. Also read our other and future blogs about purification techniques.

Activated Carbon Density: Everything You Should Know

Tue, 02 Feb 2021 01:00:00 GMT

The activated carbon density or what some would say the activated charcoal density is all about filling a filter or filling a silo. This means that the density of a product is important to understand, and this is not different with activated carbon compared to any other material.

The density of activated carbon in an important characteristic of both powder (PAC), extruded (EAC) and granular activated carbon (GAC). For powder activated carbon it is important to know the density for example for volumetric dosing in water purification and for extruded and granular activated carbon it is important to know the density when filling a filter with carbon for example for siloxane removal from biogas ( gas purification ). To understand the “density of carbon” a bit better we will briefly discuss the following density’s;

Apparent density of activated carbon (bulk density)
Apparent density backwashed and drained of activated carbon
Reactor density of activated carbon

Apparent density or activated carbon bulk density

The apparent density, sometimes called the bulk density of activated carbon, or volumetric density is defined as the mass of many particles of the activated carbon divided by the total volume they occupy. The total volume includes particle volume, inter-particle void volume, and internal pore volume.

If not tested in the same way then this density can vary greatly, so it is important that when the density is compared to other activated carbons this is done according to a standard like ASTM D 2854 -09(2019). With powders often it is also mentioned if it is "freely settled" (or "poured" density) and "tapped" density(where the tapped density refers to the bulk density of the powder after a specified compaction process, usually involving vibration of the container.

Apparent density backwashed and drained of activated carbon

The backwashed and drained density of activated carbon (GAC or EAC) is the parameter which is often used for sizing of adsorption equipment and to determine the weight of carbon required for liquid phase application like potable water purification. The backwashed and drained density will be lower than the apparent density because the space between the activated carbon particles will increase during the backwashing process.

As a reference point we can say that typically the apparent density of activated carbon will be in the range of 300 to 500 kg/m3, however this can also be outside of this spectrum because of for example raw materials used or activation level of the product.

Reactor density of activated carbon

This is the density of the activated carbon in the reactor (adsorber, filter or silo). This density is often slightly lower than the apparent density because there are no specific conditions that let the carbon bed settle and this results in slightly more space between the particles compared to the way the apparent density is measured.

We expect that this additional understanding of density can support you in your product selection, compare apples with apples in terms of density, and to know the right amount of weight that you need for filling your silo or filter.

Follow below links to learn more about purification techniques:

Activatedcarbon , Aeration , Coagulants , Recrystallization , Ionexchangers , Molecularsieves , Ozoneoxidation , UVDisinfection , Rapidand slow sand filtration .

Calculation Tools For Aquarium And Water Filters

Thu, 29 Oct 2020 16:41:18 GMT

When you have a aquaria or a water filter then sometimes you might need to calculate things like the volume of your aquarium, the volume of a filter or the pump capacity. We made the following support tools to help.

Aquarium volume (square) and pump capacity calculator
Filter volume calculator (Cylinder)
Media volume in filter calculator

For the same in inches, feet and US Gallons go to Calculation tool 1

Aquarium volume and pump capacity calculator

Do you want to calculate the volume of an square shaped aquarium and the pump capacity that you could use? Then use below calculation tool.

Filter volume calculator

When you have a cylindrical filter for purification of your pool or aquarium then it is useful to be able to calculate the volume of your filter with below calculation tool.

Filter Media Volume Calculator

When you need to replace you filter media (sand, resins or carbon) it is good to know how much you need to purchase. With the volume of your filter (see above tool) and the density of the media you can calculate how much media you need for your aquaria, pond or pool filter for example.

The Environment: It Is A Kind Of Big Thing

Thu, 02 Jan 2020 19:01:55 GMT

Writing a blog about the environment is relatively easy. There are so much things going on with the environment and the environmental is getting a lot of attention these days, which is good, as the environment is a kind of big thing.

Well, I’ll tell you this... most people know about “environmental” things, they even read a lot about the environment. Here is the thing; there is too much to read and write about it to put it all in one blog. To make it not to complex and long we dive in to 5 points about the environment, and the good thing is it does not require that much reading time.

And just to give you an idea before we dive into the 5 points related to the environment, it is easy to understand and provides some good basic know how. Now, let me start with point 1.

Point 1: Environment

999 out of 1000 people will have of course read about the environment, but only a few will be able to say what the exact definition is of the environment. Now that I think about this let me write what is in the dictionary and chose the definition that is most related to purification and separation technology.

“the air, water, and land in or on which people, animals, and plants live”

Source: https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/environment

That is indeed a nice definition as personally I was not getting much further than "the surrounding".

Point 2: Environmental issues

Issues that is a thing that we all have, and as it seems also the environment has issues. An unfortunate thing is that a lot of these is issues are created by us, mankind. There is a lot to read about environmental issues. The environmental issues of today are relatively big, because we also understand much more then we did in the past. Big environmental issues of today are the plastic soup in the ocean, pharmaceuticals and chemicals of emerging concern in rivers and potable water, PFAS (mainly PFOA and PFOS) in our water supply and mercury emission from coal fired power plants. Lot’s of issues more exist, but we can be glad that we know that they are there so that we can do something about it.

Point 3: Environmental working groups

With all those environmental issues there are lots of people that do something about it. You also have a group that protest... but the people really try to solve the environmental issues often work in a environmental working group which can be part of a government, none profit organization or any group that does something related to the environment. Credits to these groups, you guys keep the air and water clean and free of pollutants (or at the least you try).

Point 4: Environmental protection agency

The environmental protection agency definition goes something like this… The Environmental Protection Agency is a United States federal government agency whose mission is to protect human and environmental health. That is a nice and good thing. Agencies like this are of course present in other counties as well, but the name will be slightly different. Ideally these organization solve environmental issues and determine environmental regulations via there working groups.

Point 5: Environmental science and Environmental engineering

If you reached this point in the blog, then a job in the environmental sector might be something for you (unless you already work in the sector). Jobs for environmental science and environmental engineering jobs are great jobs to do, you can really challenge yourselves and solves issues that will help today but also our next generations. You can work with various purification techniques like activated charcoal or reversed osmosis for example for water purification . So, working in the environmental sector is truly rewarding as you solve real life issues, from the rewarding part in the terms of environmental engineering salary, you can try other websites like Glassdoor, which provide nice salary details. Link to their website; https://www.glassdoor.com/Salaries/index.htm

Now, I know there are lots of other things that you can tell about the environmental sector, but we all have a certain amount of time to spend on a specific topic. I found these 5 points interesting to share with you and hope you enjoyed reading this.

If you kept attention until the end, it is maybe time to think about careers with environmental science companies.

Top 3 Football Players And The Top 10 Purification Techniques

Fri, 27 Dec 2019 14:02:20 GMT

How popular are purification techniques let us first compare this with some famous football players which are in the list below;

Cristiano Ronaldo had 11 million pageviews

Lionel Messi had 8.5 million pageviews

Virgil van Dijk had 2.5 million pageviews

From that perspective the purification techniques are still a bit off, but would say not a bad result at all for science when we look to the purification techniques top 10.

There are multiple purification techniques that make our life better and our environment cleaner, this was also the case in 2019. We did chose 10 purification techniques and ranked them on the amount of pageviews.

To determine our top 10 of the purification techniques we looked at a very big data source and that is Wikipedia. We used the amount of pageviews from the year 2019 (From January 1st until the 26th of December). The total amount of pageviews for all the techniques combined was an impressive 2,3 million.

We have made one graph based on the data and this graph ranks the 10 techniques. Here is our top 10 from 1 untill the number 10.

Coagulation
Reversed osmosis
Activated carbon
Ion exchange
Recrystallization
Molecular sieve
Oxidation
Sand filter
Aeration
UV disinfection

The winner in term of Wikipedia pageviews is coagulation followed by reversed osmosis and activated carbon.

118 Chemical Elements And Their Popularity

Tue, 24 Dec 2019 19:45:37 GMT

There are 118 chemical elements in the periodic table and which of the elements was the most popular one in the year 2019? Was the most popular element an obvious one like gold or silver or was it an unexpected one like erbium or thulium.

To determine our top 118 of the chemical element popularity we looked at a very big data source and that is Wikipedia. We used the amount of pageviews from the year 2019 (From January 1st until the 23th of December). The total amount of pageviews for all the 118 elements was an impressive 55 million.

We have made two graphs based on the data, one is the top 25 (which you can find at the top of the article) and one contains all 118 chemical elements (which you can find at the bottom of the article).

The winner in term of Wikipedia pageviews is the element hydrogen followed by gold and aluminium. Surprisingly silver is only at number 23 and got beaten by elements as iron (7) and uranium (13).

On the bottom of the list is the element organesson with a very limited amount of pageviews followed by fermium and mendelevium.

Wastewater Treatment: 6 Important Points That You Need To Know

Mon, 23 Dec 2019 20:49:17 GMT

We “produce” a lot of this thing which is called wastewater. Our domestic, commercial, industrial or agricultural activities create wastewater streams and these wastewater streams often contain a lot of biological, chemical and physical pollutants which we need to remove with a wastewater treatment system or a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) to comply with disposal regulations. In this article we will touch the following points;

The definition of wastewater and wastewater treatment
Wastewater treatment
Wastewater management
Wastewater treatment jobs
Wastewater treatment regulation
Wastewater treatment test methods

The definition of wastewater and wastewater treatment

Let us first look to what an external source says about the definition of our subjects "wastewater" and "wastewater treatment".

Definition of wastewater;

“Water that has been used in washing, flushing, manufacturing, etc.; sewage.”

Source: https://www.dictionary.com/browse/wastewater?s=t

Definition of wastewater treatment;

“Wastewater treatment is a process used to remove contaminants from wastewater or sewage and convert it into an effluent that can be returned to the water cycle with minimum impact on the environment, or directly reused.”

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wastewater_treatment

Wastewater treatment

Treating wastewater requires a very good understanding of the source or sources of the wastewater. The source of the wastewater will determine what type of impurities will be in the wastewater and the concentrations of these impurities. Wastewater impurities can be biological, chemical and physical pollutants. Some of the more “famous” impurities these days are PFAS chemicals and the Contaminants of emerging concern (CECs). The CECs are a couple of groups of contaminates, which are;

Disinfection by-products
Endocrine disruptors
Industrial Chemicals
Natural Toxin Analysis
Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)
Pesticide Analysis
Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products (PPCP)

All these different impurities need different treatment techniques which are combined in a wastewater treatment process.

Wastewater treatment process

The wastewater treatment process is a process that needs to be fine tuned to the wastewater and the impurities in the wastewater, so that the treated water meets certain disposal demands or regulations. A typical process that we see in wastewater treatment plants can consist out of the following steps;

Phase separation: With phase separation impurities are transferred from the water into a non-aqueous phase.
Sedimentation: With sedimentation the particles that are in suspension settle out of the fluid in which they are entrained and come to rest against a barrier.
Filtration: With filtration suspended solids and colloidal suspensions of fine solids are removed from the water through fine physical barriers distinguished from coarser screens or sieves.
Oxidation: Oxidation can be done via a reaction with for example ozone or via indirect reactions with OH Radicals. The components in wastewater are oxidized. In the case of micro-genes, the cell walls and the genetic material from the cells will be oxidized.
Polishing: Polishing can be done with various techniques, for example with activated carbon for removal of low concentrations of various dissolved organics that remain in the wastewater.

Wastewater management

The objective of wastewater management is to clean and protect water so that the water can be reused or disposed safely in for example rivers, lakes or in the ocean. Wastewater management happens in a lot of different places ranging from wastewater management at golf a tournament until wastewater management at a large industrial complex with various chemical companies. Wastewater management opens the door for good and efficient water use, which benefits all of us.

Wastewater treatment jobs

If you would like to have a “wastewater job” then there are lots of functions available that you can find. Some examples are wastewater workers, customer service advisory, wastewater treatment plant operator, wastewater operations superintendent, wastewater mechanic and laboratory analyst. As you can already see from the examples below there are lots of different people needed in the wastewater treatment market. (Regarding the salaries for such jobs use websites like glassdoor.com.)

Wastewater treatment regulation

One of the key drivers for wastewater treatment is to be compliant with regulations. These regulations can be very different per country or location. Some examples of these regulation can be found in some of the most developed countries and regions in the world;

USA – United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

Effluent Guidelines are national regulatory standards for wastewater discharged to surface waters and municipal sewage treatment plants. Details can be found in the following link; https://www.epa.gov/eg

Europe – European commission

Urban Wastewater Directive; Details can be found in the following link; https://ec.europa.eu/environment/water/water-urbanwaste/index_en.html

Wastewater treatment test methods

For wastewater there are a lot of different test methods available in the market, too much to list them all in this blog. To help you on the way, when you search for a standardized test method, then we recommend searching for official test methods which are for example from ASTM (American Standard Test Method) or CEN (European Committee for Standardization). Most countries have water associations that can also help you in getting the right methods.

Mesh Size (Scale) Converter

Sun, 08 Dec 2019 13:42:37 GMT

A mesh is a barrier which is made of connected strands of metal, fiber, or other flexible or ductile materials. In the purification industry the mesh size or mesh scale is a measurement of particle size that is often used to determine the particle-size distribution of a granular materials. The below tool can be used for recalculating the sieve size to for example US mesh or Tyler mesh.

Water Pollution: Yes Also Your Water Is Polluted

Sun, 01 Dec 2019 09:11:59 GMT

There is this thing in the water and we humans have done this, it is called water pollution and to be sure that we understand a bit more about water pollution we will look to the following topics;

The definition of water pollution
Water pollution sources
Water pollution effects
Water pollution solutions

The definition of water pollution

With all this reading of pollution in our water it is good to look at the definition of water pollution, let us look at two definitions to be sure it is somewhat similar.

“Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies, usually as a result of human activities. Water bodies include for example lakes, rivers, oceans, aquifers and groundwater.”

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_pollution

“The addition of harmful chemicals to natural water. Sources of water pollution in the United States include industrial waste, run-off from fields treated with chemical fertilizers, and run-off from areas that have been mined.”

Source: https://www.dictionary.com/browse/water-pollution

Both definitions describe water pollution in a way that is caused by human activities, so yes, it is us that cause all these needs for purification technology. (small remark that in the case of not polluted water, it does not mean that it is then potable water.)

Water pollution sources

Man made pollution can come from various sources and it does not matter that much if you come from country “A” or country “B” it can really be everywhere. Of course, environmental control and regulations try to limit the amount of pollution that can enter the water. Common sources are; oil pollution, agricultural pollution, wastewater , radioactive substances, river dumping, lake dumping, dumping in the ocean, dumping on land (also that can get into your water source). So better think twice before you throw something out of your window… you will get it back in your water.

Water pollution effects

It is like the EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) mentions; “When the water in our rivers, lakes, and oceans becomes polluted; it can endanger wildlife, make our drinking water unsafe, and threaten the waters where we swim and fish”. The main effect is that pollution kills or harms organisms that depend on these water bodies. Pollution in these water bodies will change the natural food chain in the water body and this can have effect on the local environment, but in the end also on a whole region. The pollution will not only have effect on fish, crabs, birds, dolphins, but in the end also influences us. Depending on the type of pollution the effect can be different ranging from low to extremely dangerous and toxic.

Water pollution solutions

The best technique and solution is prevention, prevent that all kind of chemicals and man made stuff ends up in the environment. Given that a lot is already polluted, for that there are various purification techniques available like activated charcoal, reversed osmosis, ozone oxidation and a lot more.

These techniques can be very important for removal of minerals and metals from water, removal of PFAS from water, removal or phenol, toluene or oil from water. This list can go on for a long time as there is a lot of pollution in our waters. Let us try to prevent pollution or purify the polluted water and keep our waters clean for future generations.

Indoor Air Pollution And Indoor Air Quality

Tue, 26 Nov 2019 16:59:34 GMT

Well, I would guess you do spend some time indoor these days. Indoor can be good, a nice temperature, if you have a good air conditioning system, and often relative clean air. Now there are these things in air, which you have indoor and outdoor, but today we talk about indoor. And the thing is, indoor air can be polluted by a lot of things and that is what we will discuss today with our 6 points about indoor air pollution.

Indoor air pollution

Let us first start with the question, what is indoor air pollution? The answer might be obvious if you would say; unwanted things in you air, but that would be a bit to general. To make a bit more specific indoor air pollution is all about contamination, which can be chemical, biological and physical and of course this type of contamination can influence your health.

Definition of indoor air pollution

Let us look to the definition of indoor air pollution, which is described as below in one of the better definitions that we found online;

“Indoor air pollution refers to chemical, biological and physical contamination of indoor air. It may result in adverse health effects. In developing countries, the main source of indoor air pollution is biomass smoke which contains suspended particulate matter (5PM), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulphur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO), formaldehyde and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs).

In industrialized countries, in addition to NO2, CO, and formaldehyde, radon, asbestos, mercury, human-made mineral fibres, volatile organic compounds, allergens, tobacco smoke, bacteria and viruses are the main contributors to indoor air pollution.”

Source: https://stats.oecd.org/glossary/detail.asp?ID=1336

Indoor air pollution sources

If we look to some examples of indoor air pollution, then have a look at some examples. A lot smoke can come from burning biomass for heating or cooking. This smoke can contain particles like, NOx, Sulphur components, carbon monoxide and all kinds of aromatic hydrocarbons (better think twice before you start cooking). Other air pollution sources can come from tobacco smoke, bacteria, viruses, dust particles, which can all be in your indoor air.

Indoor air quality testing

With all that pollution you might want to measure the quality of your air. There are various ways to measure the indoor air quality and there are lots of agencies and companies that can measure the content of pollution in air. A good starting point is an official test method like the “ASTM D7297 – 14 Standard Practice for Evaluating Residential Indoor Air Quality Concerns”. This standard practice describes procedures for evaluating indoor air quality (IAQ) concerns in residential buildings.

Indoor air purifying plants

The good news about all this pollution in your house, plants. Plants might give your house a better ambiance, but they also purify the air in your house. Certain plant species have been tested. Plants like the spider plant, dracaena, ficus and Boston fern are all pretty good in taking for example volatile organic components (removal of benzene, formaldehyde, trichloroethylene and xylene) out of the air. So, it is not bad to bring flowers or plants for your partner or colleagues they really help in making the indoor air quality better.

Indoor air purification techniques

Next to plants, there are the standard purification techniques that can be used for reduction of indoor air pollution. Think about particulate filters for particle (dust) removal and activated carbon for the removal of volatile organic components. These are all good techniques, but come of course at a certain cost.

We hope you enjoyed the 6 points about indoor air pollution, the good thing is that with some plants and if needed an air filtration system you have fresh air indoor. That said, better to prevent that these components come indoor in the first place as that is the easiest way for fresh clean air.

Everything In The World Is Contaminated With PFAS

Thu, 14 Nov 2019 17:44:51 GMT

When you read the news these days then probably you have heard about PFAS. PFAS contamination seems to be everywhere in the environment , especially the two well-known types PFOA and PFOS. PFAS chemicals have been found in deer, fish, drinking water, buildings, ground and probably NASA will soon find PFAS in rocks that they took from the moon. From the positive site, production is getting more restraint and globally more and regulations are put into force on certain types of PFAS chemicals. In this blog we will go into 3 questions on PFAS and describe three potential purification technologies for the removal of PFAS (or removal of PFOA and removal of PFOS).

What is a PFAS Chemical?

A PFAS chemical is a synthetic chemical which is also called a fluorinated surfactant, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance. There are about 6000 types of PFAS chemicals and the most “famous” are PFOA (Perfluorooctanoic acid) and PFOS (Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid).

What can you do with a PFAS chemical?

PFAS Chemicals can lower the surface tension of water and is used in the emulsion polymerization to produce fluoropolymers. The main markets for the PFAS are 1. stain repellents, 2. use in polishes, paints, and coatings.

Can PFAS chemicals have health effects?

PFAS chemicals can have potential health effects like;

Affect growth, learning, and behavior of infants and older children
lower a woman’s chance of getting pregnant
interfere with the body’s natural hormones
increase cholesterol levels
affect the immune system
increase the risk of cancer

Source: https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/pfas/health-effects.html

Removal of PFAS

The website of the EPA, The United States environmental protection agency mentions 3 potential technologies for the removal of Per- and Polyfluorinated substances (PFAS) from water. The three technologies that are mentioned are; activated carbon, ion exchange and membranes.

source: https://www.epa.gov/sciencematters/reducing-pfas-drinking-water-treatment-technologies

Below is a short description about the three removal technologies for PFAS removal.

1. Activated carbon

Activated carbon or activated charcoal is a special type of carbon that can adsorb various molecules and these molecules are adsorbed in the large surface area by van der Waals forces. A gram of activated carbon has a surface area that can be as large as a football field, this means a surface area of 500 to 2000 m2/g and sometimes even more. The surface area of activated carbon is divided into micro, meso and marco pores.

2. Ion exchange

Ion exchangers (IEX) are spheres of sulphonated synthetic resin that can take ions from for example water, process water, condensate water and swimming pool water, by changing them out against other ions. The liquid will flow over a with beads filled ion exchanger resin column. The beads are solid, and this is often referred to as adsorption resin

3. Membranes

In reversed osmosis , an applied pressure is used to overcome the osmotic pressure and in this way you can remove various unwanted molecules, larger particles or ions from for example water. This process works like other common membrane technology applications and the pore size of the membranes is .0001 micron which is extremely small. Another membrane technology that can be used are nano filtration membranes.

Calculation Tools For Aquarium And Water Filters Imperial System

Mon, 04 Nov 2019 19:19:51 GMT

Aquarium volume (square) and pump capacity calculator
Filter volume calculator (Cylinder)
Media volume in filter calculator

For the same in cm, m3 and m3/h press here: calculation tool 2

Aquarium volume and pump capacity calculator

Do you want to calculate the volume of an square shaped aquarium and the pump capacity that you could use? Then use below calculation tool.

Filter volume calculator

When you have a cylindrical filter for purification of your pool or aquarium then it is useful to be able to calculate the volume of your filter with below calculation tool.

Filter Media Volume Calculator

When you need to replace you filter media (sand, resins or carbon) it is good to know how much you need to purchase. One thing is to focus on the price and buy cheap carbon, cheap resins or cheap media, another thing is to buy the right quantity. With the volume of your filter (see above tool) and the density of the media you can calculate how much media you need for your aquaria, pond or pool filter for example.

Purification: The History, Present And Future For Purification In The World

Mon, 28 Oct 2019 20:31:57 GMT

Pesticides, medicines, PFOA, PFAS and chemicals of emerging concerns can all be components that we want to remove by means of purification from for example air, gas or water. In this blog we will dive into the basic questions, what do we mean with purification.

The topics that we will cover:

Purification
History of purification
Purification today
Purification in the future

Purification

To understand what purification is, let us simply look to three explanations on the meaning of the word purification.

Wikipedia (visited website, October 2019); “Purification is the process of rendering something pure, i.e. clean of foreign elements and/or pollution”

Vocabulary (visited website, October 2019); “Purification is the removal of impure elements from something.”

Cambridge dictionary (visited website, October 2019); “to remove bad substances from something to make it pure”

All these explanations focus on removing something to make “something” purer.

History of purification

Purification it selves is older than mankind as plants have been removing various components from air, water has been purified by means of UV coming from the sun, waves in the sea or waterfalls have caused effects as aeration, mechanical filtration also happened due to for example sand or peat layers.

Mankind also knew well before the year 0 BC that purification was useful and could improve life.

Ancient Sanskrit and Egyptian writings exist that document practices that were followed to keep water drinkable. The Sushruta Samhita (around the 4th century CE) specified various purification methods, including: boiling and heating under the sun (uv).

In ancient Greek, Hippocrates for example invented and used an early water purification system which is called the Hippocrates’ Sleeve and is a conical strainer of fine cloth. This can made by stitching together two adjacent sides of a square piece of cloth.

The Egyptians did discovered the principle of coagulation around 1500 BC. They used alum to achieve settling of suspended particles. This was depicted on the wall of the tomb of Amenophis II and Ramses II. In water purification, coagulation is destabilizing colloidal particles by neutralizing their charge with an added chemical substance, a so-called coagulant. A colloid, incidentally, is a very small particle that is slightly larger than a molecule and has a diameter between 1 and 1000 nano-meters.

Purification today

In the below section some of today common purification techniques are described. (there are of course more techniques like reversed osmosis and molecular sieves ).

Fast filtration and slow sand filtration

A sand filter is a filter that is filled with sand of a certain particle size and this is used for purifying drinking water, surface water, wastewater, ponds and swimming pools. The filter can be made of steel, plastic or concrete. There are fast sand filters and slow sand filters. The first documented use of sand filters to purify water dates the year 1804, when the owner of a bleaching company in Paisley, Scotland, John Gibb, installed an experimental filter.

Active carbon filtration

Activated carbon is a specially treated carbon that can bind to all kinds of substances through adsorption. An important area of application is filtering, this can be done via grain coal in filters or via powdered coal that is added and subsequently removed by a filter. Activated carbon has many applications in medicine (adsorption of toxic substances), in water treatment, process industry (adsorption of dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls) and to decolorize (adsorption of dyes) and deodorization (adsorption of fragrances). The first documented use of activated carbon goes back to 3750 B.C., when it was used by the Egyptians for smelting ores to create bronze. By 1500 B.C. the Egyptians were using it for intestinal ailments, absorbing unpleasant odors, and for writing text on papyrus. In 400 B.C. the Ancient Hindus and Phoenicians discovered the antiseptic properties of activated carbon and began using it to purify their water supply.

Aeration and degassing

Upon aeration and / or degassing , substances dissolved in water are brought into contact with the gas phase (air). Due to the concentration differences, substances are introduced into the water (eg oxygen that enters the water) or are transferred from the water to the gas phase (removal of carbon dioxide). Diffused aeration is defined as the injection of air or oxygen enriched air under pressure below a liquid surface. Although the aeration of wastewater began in England as early as 1882, major advances in aeration technology awaited the development of the activated sludge process by Arden and Lockett in the year 1914.

UV (Ultraviolet) Disinfection / Sterilization

With UV disinfection and sterilization, micro-organisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi and spores on or in all kinds of materials or substances are deliberately killed or greatly reduced in number. Sterilizing and disinfecting air and water is done with UV light. In the year 1903, Niels Fensen received the Nobel Prize for his use of ultraviolet light (UV) to combat tuberculosis, and in 1910, the first drinking water disinfection system did open in Marseilles, France.

Ozone oxidation

Ozonation is a chemical oxidation method with the aim of inactivating and / or destroying pathogenic organisms also called pathogens. Organic micropollutants, such as pesticides and medicines, are also oxidized by ozone. The first technical-scale application of ozone took place in Oudshoorn, the Netherlands, in 1893. This ozone installation was studied in detail by French scientists, and another unit was installed in Nice some years after that in 1906. Since then, ozone was applied in Nice for decades, causing Nice to be called the 'place of birth of ozone for drinking water treatment'.

Ion exchange

Purification in the future

In the next decades it can be expected that the above technologies will be optimized and fine tuned. Purification technologies will also benefit from advancements in quantum mechanics, quantum computing, artificial intelligence and space travel in a way that most cannot imagine at this moment. Maybe we will even get to the point that we can remove any element from the periodic system of elements on demand. The future for purification will be exciting! Keep our environment clean!

Purification Companies: Popularity Trends Report

Wed, 09 Oct 2019 17:08:56 GMT

Mirror, mirror on the wall which is the most popular purification company of them all? To answer this question, we first need to determine which companies we will put in the scope of our micro research and the winners are; Merck (Merck Millipore), Cabot, Calgon, Jacobi, Pentair, BASF, Evoqua, Pall, Suez Environment, 3M. The mentioned companies are all active in purification and some are especially very active water purification companies.

We could then have looked at the CAGR (Compounded Annual Growth Rate), forecasts, company financial results, company outlooks, import and export statistics, the trends in air polution, water purification, gas purification and filtration and other megatrends that could be of influence on the selected companies and then break this down per region segment of application or market. Sounds good, however we mentioned “could” and we have selected to look to it in a different way and that is which company is most popular under the searchers on the internet. We could also have selected other companies then the 10 mentioned companies, which could have led to a list of more than 100 companies.

The good news, there are powerful tools available which you can use for various reviews, this time we selected the Alexa page rank 90-day trend information to determine the page rank in the Alexa global internet engagement. The companies rank as below, starting with the number 10 and ending with the number 1. (let us be clear, all these results are at this moment much better than this website)

Top 10 Purification companies

Number 10: Jacobi Carbons

Jacobi.net

Page rank: 1.200.260

Number 9: Calgon Carbons

Calgoncarbon.com

Rage rank: 910.367

Number 8: Evoqua

Evoqua.com

Page rank: 311.931

Number 7: Suez

Suez.com

Page rank: 260.857

Number 6: Cabot Corporation

Cabotcorp.com

Page rank: 226.185

Number 5: Pall Corporation

Pall.com

Page rank: 165.123

Number 4: Pentair

Pentair.com

Page rank: 81.435

Number 3: Merck (Merck Millipore)

Merckmillipore.com

Page rank: 48.722

Number 2: BASF

BASF.com

Page rank: 31.475

Number 1: 3M

3M.com

Page rank: 12.249

The result is very clear on the topic: Mirror, mirror on the wall which is the most popular purification company of them all? It is 3M. That said, some of the companies in the list are hardcore purification companies and some do a lot of other “things”, so it is not a 100% apple to apple comparison. Hope you enjoyed this micro research report.

(In case you would be interested who had the number 1 page rank, then that is google.com )

Purification Technology: Popularity Trends Report

Fri, 27 Sep 2019 18:38:29 GMT

Mirror, mirror on the wall which is the most popular purification technology of them all? To answer this question, we first need to determine which purification techniques we will put in the scope of our micro research and the winners are; activated carbon , aeration , coagulants , recrystallisation , ion exchange , molecular sieves , ozone oxidation , UV disinfection and sand filtration .

We could then have looked at the CAGR (Compounded Annual Growth Rate), forecasts, import and export statistics, the trends in air pollution, water purification, biogas purification and filtration and other mega trends that could be of influence on the selected purification techniques and then break this down per region like Europe, Asia, Australia, North America, South America and Africa. Sounds good, however we mentioned “could” and we have selected to look to it in a different way and that is which techniques is most popular under the searchers on the internet. (And for the other points are already tons of reports available on the internet)

The good news, there is already a powerful tool available that does count the amount of pageviews on Wikipedia pages, and Wikipedia is a site that is getting a lot of visitors, so let us check this data out. We used the wmflabs tool and the month of September (almost till the end of that month). The nine purification techniques give a total amount of views of 78005 for the selected period and 3000 per day (that is more than only a couple of views). This is how the 9 purification techniques perform on individual basis, from low to high.

UV disinfection

Daily average: 0

Coagulant

Daily average: 37

Aeration

Daily average: 214

Sand filter

Daily average: 219

Molecular sieve

Daily average: 250

Oxidation

Daily average: 288

Ion exchange

Daily average: 325

Recrystallization

Daily average: 371

Activated carbon

Daily average: 1295

The result is very clear on the topic: Mirror, mirror on the wall which is the most popular purification technology of them all? It is activated carbon, with an easy win! We hope you liked this different view on the trends in purification techniques.Also have a look at the trends report for purification companies.

Activated Carbon: Quality Standards And Test Methods.

Tue, 24 Sep 2019 19:52:11 GMT

How do you test and compare ash content, the density or the pH of activated carbon ? There are many test methods available for various types of tests, a good option to compare apples with apples is the use of international standards from for example ASTM (American Standard Test Method), EN (European Norm) and ISO (International Standardization Organisation).

Below is a selection of test methods that we have found;

ASTM D2866 - 11(2018) en - Standard Test Method for Total Ash Content of Activated Carbon
ASTM D3466 - 06(2018) en - Standard Test Method for Ignition Temperature of Granular Activated Carbon
NEN-EN-ISO 176:2005 en - Plastics - Determination of loss of plasticizers - Activated carbon method
NEN-EN 15799:2010 en - Products used for treatment of swimming pool water - Powdered activated carbon
NEN-EN 12915-1:2009 en - Products used for the treatment of water intended for human consumption - Granular activated carbon - Part 1: Virgin granular activated carbon
NEN-EN 12915-2:2009 en - Products used for the treatment of water intended for human consumption - Granular activated carbon - Part 2: Reactivated granular activated carbon
ASTM D5158 - 98(2019) en - Standard Test Method for Determination of Particle Size of Powdered Activated Carbon by Air-Jet Sieving
NEN-EN 12903:2009 en - Products used for the treatment of water intended for human consumption - Powdered activated carbon
ISO 21340:2017 en - Test methods for fibrous activated carbon
ASTM D2652 - 11 en - Standard Terminology Relating to Activated Carbon
ASTM D2867 - 17 en - Standard Test Methods for Moisture in Activated Carbon
ASTM D2866 - 11 en - Standard Test Method for Total Ash Content of Activated Carbon
ASTM D5742 - 16 en - Standard Test Method for Determination of Butane Activity of Activated Carbon
ASTM D3802 - 16 en - Standard Test Method for Ball-Pan Hardness of Activated Carbon
ASTM D3803 - 91(2014) en - Standard Test Method for Nuclear-Grade Activated Carbon
ASTM D2854 - 09(2019) en - Standard Test Method for Apparent Density of Activated Carbon
ASTM D3467 - 04(2014) en - Standard Test Method for Carbon Tetrachloride Activity of Activated Carbon
ASTM D5159 - 04(2014) en - Standard Guide for Dusting Attrition of Granular Activated Carbon
ASTM D5160 - 95(2019) en - Standard Guide for Gas-Phase Adsorption Testing of Activated Carbon
ASTM D5832 - 98(2014) en - Standard Test Method for Volatile Matter Content of Activated Carbon Samples
ASTM D3838 - 05(2017) en - Standard Test Method for pH of Activated Carbon
ASTM D5029 - 98(2014) en - Standard Test Method for Water Solubles in Activated Carbon
ASTM D2862 - 16 en - Standard Test Method for Particle Size Distribution of Granular Activated Carbon
ASTM D5228 - 16 en - Standard Test Method for Determination of Butane Working Capacity of Activated Carbon
ASTM D3466 - 06(2011) en - Standard Test Method for Ignition Temperature of Granular Activated Carbon
ASTM D4607 - 14 en - Standard Test Method for Determination of Iodine Number of Activated Carbon
ASTM D4069 - 95(2014) en - Standard Specification for Impregnated Activated Carbon Used to Remove Gaseous Radio-Iodines from Gas Streams
ASTM D6385 - 99(2017) en - Standard Test Method for Determining Acid-Extractable Content in Activated Carbon by Ashing
ASTM D6646 - 03(2014) en - Standard Test Method for Determination of the Accelerated Hydrogen Sulfide Breakthrough Capacity of Granular and Pelletized Activated Carbon
ASTM D6851 - 02(2011) en - Standard Test Method for Determination of Contact pH with Activated Carbon
ASTM E1568 - 13 en - Standard Test Method for Determination of Gold in Activated Carbon by Fire Assay Gravimetry
ASTM D1203 - 16 en - Standard Test Methods for Volatile Loss from Plastics Using Activated Carbon Methods
ASTM D3860 - 98(2014) en - Standard Practice for Determination of Adsorptive Capacity of Activated Carbon by Aqueous Phase Isotherm Technique
ASTM D8176 - 18 en - Standard Test Method for Mechanically Tapped Density of Activated Carbon (Powdered and Fine Mesh)
ASTM D5919 - 96(2017) en - Standard Practice for Determination of Adsorptive Capacity of Activated Carbon by a Micro-Isotherm Technique for Adsorbates at ppb Concentrations
ASTM D6781 - 02(2014) en - Standard Guide for Carbon Reactivation
ASTM D6586 - 03(2014) en - Standard Practice for the Prediction of Contaminant Adsorption on GAC In Aqueous Systems Using Rapid Small-Scale Column Tests

Ion Exchange: Quality Standards And Test Methods

Tue, 24 Sep 2019 19:04:24 GMT

How do you test and compare kinetic behavior or fouling and degradation of your ion exchange resins ? There are many test methods available for various types of tests, a good option to compare apples with apples is the use of international standards from for example ASTM (American Standard Test Method), EN (European Norm) and ISO (International Standardization Organisation).

Below is a selection of test methods that we have found;

ASTM D6302 - 98(2017) en - Standard Practice for Evaluating the Kinetic Behavior of Ion Exchange Resins
ASTM D4266 - 17 en - Standard Test Methods for Precoat Capacity of Powdered Ion-Exchange Resins
ASTM D2687 - 95(2016) en - Standard Practices for Sampling Particulate Ion-Exchange Materials
ASTM D7513 - 17 en - Standard Test Method for Capacity of Mixed Bed Ion Exchange Cartridges
NEN-EN 12873-3:2019 en - Influence of materials on water intended for human consumption - Influence due to migration - Part 3: Test method for ion exchange and adsorbent resins
NEN-EN 12014-4:2005 en - Foodstuffs - Determination of nitrate and/or nitrite content - Part 4: Ion-exchange chromatographic (IC) method for the determination of nitrate and nitrite content of meat products
ISO 11653:1997 en - Steel - Determination of high cobalt content - Potentiometric titration method after separation by ion exchange
NVN-ISO/TS 19046-2:2017 en - Cheese - Determination of propionic acid level by chromatography - Part 2: Method by ion exchange chromatography
ASTM D5217 - 17 en - Standard Guide for Detection of Fouling and Degradation of Particulate Ion Exchange Materials
ASTM D7903 - 14 en - Standard Practice for Determining the Capacity of Oxygen Removal Ion Exchange Cartridges
ASTM D5627 - 17 en - Standard Test Method for Water Extractable Residue from Particulate Ion-Exchange Resins
ASTM C1411 - 14 en - Standard Practice for The Ion Exchange Separation of Uranium and Plutonium Prior to Isotopic Analysis
ASTM C1414 - 01(2014) en - Standard Practice for The Separation of Americium from Plutonium by Ion Exchange
ASTM D4456 - 17 en - Standard Test Methods for Physical and Chemical Properties of Powdered Ion Exchange Resins
ASTM D2187 - 17 en - Standard Test Methods and Practices for Evaluating Physical and Chemical Properties of Particulate Ion-Exchange Resins

Molecular sieves | Detailed overview | Advantages And Disadvantages

Sat, 14 Sep 2019 00:00:00 GMT

There are various types of molecular sieves such as carbon molecular sieves (CMS), zeolites, limestone and silica gels, how do they work? In this blog we will discuss the purification technique molecular sieves. We discuss the following themes;

What are molecular sieves?
How does a molecular sieve work?
What are the advantages of a molecular sieve?
What are the disadvantages of molecular sieve?
What can one actually remove with molecular sieves and from what?

USE OUR PURIFICATION TECHNIQUES SELECTION TOOL TO LEARN MORE ABOUT VARIOUS TECHNIQUES, CLICK HERE

What is a molecular sieve?

A molecular sieve is a solid material with a pore distribution that is very uniform and is used for adsorption in both the liquid and the gas phase. There are various types of molecular sieves such as carbon molecular sieves (CMS), zeolites, limestone and silica gels. With molecular sieving there is made a distinction between the types based on the micro (smaller than 2 nanometers),meso (between 2 and 50 nanometers) and macro pores (larger than 50 nanometers)they have.

How does a molecular sieve work?

A molecular sieve works on the basis of adsorbing molecules that are small enough to enter the pore structure through diffusion. Molecules that are larger than the pores can not enter the molecular sieve. This mechanism of adsorption works both in the liquid phase as well as in the gas phase.

What are the advantages of a molecular sieve?

Selective removal - the uniform pore size makes it possible to selectively remove molecules.
High removal efficiency possible - the large amount of pores ensures high capacity.
Reuse - Regeneration is common as a result of which the total operating costs can remain low

What are the disadvantages of a molecular sieve?

Costs - molecular sieves are often more expensive than other techniques in the purchase price
Fragile - molecular sieves can break which can result in particles that can get into a process
Selective - not always applicable after removal of various molecules

What can be removed and from what with a molecular sieve?

Molecular sieves are used in both liquid and gas / air, see some examples below.

Removal of water from LNG
Removal of moisture from air
Removing acid gases such asCO2 (carbon dioxide), H2S (hydrogen sulfide)for example from biogas
Removal of mercaptans from gas or air
Removal of hydrocarbons such as BTX (benzene, toluene and xylene)

in this blog we went into the basis of the purification technique molecular sieves. We did elaborate on the following themes what is a molecular sieve, how does a molecular sieve work, what are the advantages and disadvantages of molecular sieves and what can one actually remove with molecular sieves. Also read our other and future blogs about various purification techniques.

Watch Out: Exhibition Zombie Visitors!

Sun, 25 Aug 2019 12:44:48 GMT

Are you an exhibition zombie visitor? To know if you are, you first need to understand what we mean with an exhibition zombie visitor. This is a type of visitor to an exhibition (or event, or seminar) that comes fully unprepared to a show, walks around, does not know what he (or she) is doing or what he is searching for. Some of these zombies might even try to speak to exhibitors, but then questions will not go much further then; how is the show? or how is weather? Questions back from the exhibitors are often answered as, “need to check” or “please send your question by email”. Guess that parts of this can sound familiar one way or the other.

To not be a zombie visitor at any show our advice is to always prepare yourselves with at least some pre-conference, visit and post conference work.

Pre-conference preparation

Set up meetings in advance, know the stand locations and numbers of companies that you want to visit, prepare 5 questions that can lead to a good meeting/discussion, prepare an elevator pitch.

Visit of the exhibition

Bring your preparation work, have something to take notes on, where clothes that fit the exhibition, capture the actions of the meetings.

Post-conference work

Write short reports of your meetings, set out the actions and follow up to take the next step in reaching your goal.

Above basic points will maximize the results of your visit to an exhibition, and people will see you not as that exhibition zombievisitor. This all said, here are a couple of exhibitions that can be of interestwhen you are working in separation, filtration and purification world.

1. Filtech, Cologne - Germany

One of the largest exhibitions that is focused on the filtration and purification sector. Here you can find companies supplying equipment for water purification or air purification to food purification and other purification related segments.

2. CPHI - Global

If you are into pharmaceutical purification, nutraceutical purification or API purification then the CPHI can be an interesting event to visit as lots of leading pharmaceutical companies will be present, including companies with expertise in purification of pharmaceuticals.

3. Weftec - USA

For water or environmental purification, the WEFTEC is an interesting exhibition where a lot of people are present with expertise about various filtration, separation and purification topics in the water and environmental sector.

4. Aquatech – Amsterdam – Netherlands

For purification of process, drinking and wastewater this is an excellent exhibition which will host a lot of leading companies in this sector. A must visit if you want to meet with lots of persons in this sector.

5. IFAT – Germany

For purification in the environmental sector the IFAT is a leading exhibition where various purification technologies will be presented. Especially purification of water, sewage air and wastewater can be found at this fair.

In case you visit one of the 5 exhibitions above or any other show please take some time to prepare yourselves well as you should not be the zombie visitor!

Gas Purification: Solutions To Purify Gas To Your Requirements

Wed, 21 Aug 2019 18:39:14 GMT

Helium, argon, nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, syngas, hydrogen, natural gas, biogas and many more gasses are used one way or the other. All these gasses can find their applications in multiple industries, this can be for example in energy production for methane, natural gas and biogas, or in the case of helium, which can find its usage in exotic applications such as superconducting magnets.

The application in which the gas is used might require a certain purity level to have an efficient and cost-effective process. Think for example about biogas, if you do not purify the biogas before usage it might contain high moisture contents, high H2S concentration and a large number of siloxanes. All these impurities in biogas can cause damage to your engine during energy production. Another gas purification application can be H2S removal from CO2. You want to have pure CO2 in the production of beer, if you have H2S in the CO2 then your beer will have a terrible smell. There are many and many more gas purification applications, however to many to describe in a short blog.

There are lots of other components that can be removed from the various gasses by means of using a purification technology. Think about components as fungi, pollen, bacteria, viruses, mold spore elements, dust, acid gases and naturally occurring radioactive material (NORM).Do also think about organic (benzene, toluene, petrol vapors, VOC’s etc.) and inorganic molecules like carbon, soot, and all kind of minerals and metals(NOx, SOx, Hg, Pb, H2S, etc.). Some components that you want to remove might have a bad smell and some are bad for health and safety reasons and others might be needed to remove to get a very pure gas to run an efficient process.

Here is a list and short description of some of the key purification technologies used in gas purification;

1. Activated carbon

Activated carbon (activated coal, activated charcoal) is a special type of carbon that can adsorb various molecules from gas, and these are adsorbed in the large surface area by van der Waals forces. A gram of activated carbon has a surface that can be as large as a football field. This surface is divided into micro, meso and macro pores of the activated carbon. Activated carbon occurs in different particles size and different forms: powder, extrudates, granules and spheres. (press here to learn more about activated carbon)

2. Biofiltration

Biofiltration is often focused to remove smelly components from air by means of a biological active material in a filter. Components in the gas are then adsorbed by micro-organisms and are then oxidized by these micro-organisms into water, CO2 and salts. Various materials are used for biofiltration like for example peat.

3. Gas washing

Gas washing can work with both a wet and dry material. With this method the gas (or air) is brought into contact with the dry or wet material and the harmful components should then remain in for example the liquid phase. Various liquids can be used for this like for example amines, mea, dea, sulfuric acid, caustic soda and so on. (the opposing technique of this is aeration press here to learn more about aeration)

4. Filtration

In gas are sometimes particles that can range from bacteria to minerals and these can be removed with particle filters, which is actually a relatively simple process (selecting the right type is of course less simple). With particle removal from gas it is important that the filter has openings in the mesh screen that lets the gas through and captures the particles. Often these filters are made from stainless steel and have mesh screens that let the gas through and the particles not.

5. Ultraviolet

UV C disinfection is based on the absorption of UV C radiation by, for example, micro-organisms in gas. With the absorption of the UV-C, the DNA and RNA becomes damaged in the micro-organisms, so that the microorganisms can no longer reproduce. Just like with a normal lamp, the power is expressed in UV lamps in Watts (W). The more Watts the UV lamp has, the more power and effect for disinfection or sterilization this lamp will have. (press here to learn more about Ultraviolet)

6. Molecular sieves

A molecular sieve is a solid material with a pore distribution that is very uniform and is used for adsorption in both the liquid and the gas phase. There are various types of molecular sieves such as carbon molecular sieves (CMS), zeolites, limestone and silica gels. With molecular sieving there is made a distinction between the types based on the micro (smaller than 2 nanometers), meso (between 2 and 50 nanometers) and macro pores (larger than 50 nanometers) they have. (press here to learn more about molecular sieves)

Air Purification | How Technology Can Purify Your Air

Sat, 17 Aug 2019 12:23:55 GMT

The air that we breathe is one of the most important things for living beings to stay alive, and we can better keep it fresh and clean. Air is a mixture of various gases and the main components are in volume percentage ~78% Nitrogen, ~21 % Oxygen and about 1 % Argon, next to this, various small amounts of noble gases, moisture and carbon dioxide gas can be found in air.

In air purification a separation can be made between indoor air purification and purification of emissions into the air, in both cases you want to remove unwanted components out of the air. There are lots of components that can be removed from air by means of purification technology think about components as fungi, pollen, bacteria, viruses, mold spore elements and dust. Do also think about organic (benzene, toluene, petrol vapors, VOC’s etc.) and inorganic molecules like carbon, soot, and all kind of minerals and metals (NOx, SOx, Hg, Pb, H2S, etc.). Some components that you want to remove might have a bad smell and some are bad for health and safety reasons.

Here is a list and short description of some of the key purification technologies used in air purification;

1. Activated carbon

Activated carbon (activated coal, activated charcoal) is a special type of carbon that can adsorb various molecules from air, and these are adsorbed in the large surface area by van der Waals forces. A gram of activated carbon has a surface that can be as large as a football field. This surface is divided into micro, meso and macro pores of the activated carbon. Activated carbon occurs in different particles size and different forms: powder, extrudates, granules and spheres. (press here to learn more about activated carbon)

2. Biofiltration

Biofiltration is often focused to remove smelly components from air by means of a biological active material in a filter. Components in the air are then adsorbed by micro-organisms and are then oxidized by these micro-organisms into water, CO2 and salts. Various materials are used for biofiltration like for example peat.

3. Gas washing

4. Filtration

In our air are a lot of different particles ranging that can range from bacteria to minerals and these can be removed with particle filters, which is actually a relatively simple process (selecting the right type is of course less simple). With particle removal from air it is important that the filter has openings in the mesh screen that lets the air through and captures the particles. Often these filters are made from stainless steel and have mesh screens that let the air through and the particles not.

5. Ultraviolet

UV C disinfection is based on the absorption of UV C radiation by, for example, micro-organisms in air. With the absorption of the UV-C, the DNA and RNA becomes damaged in the micro-organisms, so that the microorganisms can no longer reproduce. Just like with a normal lamp, the power is expressed in UV lamps in Watts (W). The more Watts the UV lamp has, the more power and effect for disinfection or sterilization this lamp will have. . (press here to learn more about Ultraviolet)

Water Purification | Solutions On How To Purify Your Water

Thu, 15 Aug 2019 21:02:25 GMT

Removal of unwanted components that is what it is all about in the world of water purification, the big question is; which technologies will you use to purify your water?

Chemicals of emerging concern, biological contaminants, suspended solids, pharmaceutical products, gases, pesticides, perfluor components ( PFAS, PFOA, PFOS) and minerals can all be components that you want to remove to reach your desired water quality. Drinking water, pond water , aquarium water , potable water, water for injection, wastewater ,process water, condensate water all have their specific quality needs due to for example local legislation, pharmaceutical legislation, food legislation, WHO legislation, process needs, and so on.

"the act or process of making water more potable or useful, as by purifying, clarifying, softening, or deodorizing it"

Source: https://www.dictionary.com/browse/water-treatment

The key methods used topurify water to the needed quality can include; sand filtration, activated carbon, coagulation, ultraviolet light (UV), flocculation, aeration, ion exchange (IEX) and ozone oxidation. Here is a short description of our top 7 water purification technologies;

1. Activated carbon

Activated carbon (activated coal,activated charcoal) is a special type of carbon that can adsorb various molecules, and these are adsorbed in the large surface area by van der Waals forces. A gram of activated carbon has a surface that can be as large as a football field. This surface is divided into micro, meso and macro pores of the activated carbon. Activated carbon occurs in different particles size and different forms: powder, extrudates, granules and spheres. (press here to learn more about activated carbon)

2. Aeration

3. Coagulation

4. Ion exchange (IEX)

There are also non-ionic resins, these are capable of removing organic contaminants such as for example trichlorethylene and tetrachlorethylene. (press here to learn more about ion exchange)

5. Ozone oxidation

6. Sand filtration

7. Ultraviolet

UV means Ultraviolet (sometimes this is also called black light or UV light) and this is electromagnetic radiation that is just outside the part of the spectrum that the human eye still can see. The wavelength of ultraviolet radiation is between 100 and 400 nm (nanometer). Ultraviolet light as a shorter wavelength than visible light, the shorter wavelength makes it more energy-rich. Because UV is more energy-rich, the ionization potential of organic molecules can be reached, and chemical reactions can be triggered. In connection with the effects of ultraviolet light on people and the environment a distinction is made between UV A, UV B and UV C. See the difference per UV type below:

· UV A is ultraviolet radiation with a wavelength between approx. 315 and 400 nm ("long waves ").

· UV B has a wavelength between 280 and 315 nm.

· UV C has a wavelength between 100 and 280 nm("short-wave radiation") UV C is the short-wave radiation used in disinfection and sterilization applications (press here to learn more about UV)

Does Sex Sell In The Purification Technology Industry?

Tue, 06 Aug 2019 19:49:21 GMT

Does sex sell in the tech industry?

Did you press on the link to this article because of the title or because of the picture? This is something only you will know, however what we are interested in is; If this article gets much more attention compared to the normal articles that we write about purification technology. Based on the number of visitors we will have our answer on if "sex sells in the tech industry".

Does this still work in a time of “me too” or did the world not really change that much the last decades, we will see what happens. We will post an update in September 2019, with our initial results on differences in % of page views.

Please like and share for the optimal result.

The result in terms of page-views was close to 0%, so good to see that content is more important.

#Marketing #Technology #Purification #innovation #filtration

25 Fun Facts About Purification Around The World

Sun, 21 Jul 2019 18:54:12 GMT

25 fun quotes and fun facts about purification, technology and innovation. We hope that you will enjoy the list that we have made.

1. I have no special talent, I am only passionate about purification technology.

2. There is no future without purification technology.

3. No one knows exactly when we began to use activated carbon, but its use as a water purifier dates back to 400 B.C. when Hindus and Phoenicians charred barrels before filling them with water.

4. Human bones are about 31% water.

5. One gram of activated carbon has about the same surface area as a football field.

6. NASA has discovered water in the form of ice on the moon.

7. Train yourself in purification techniques to let go of everything you fear.

8. Less than 1% of the water supply on earth can be used as drinking water.

9. You will know (the good from the bad) when you use the right purification technique.

10. Nearly a billion people worldwide have limited access to clean water.

11. 70% of the human brain is water

12. Purify your soul, after you have purified the water and air surrounding you.

13. If you clean for two hours, you burn 200 calories.

14. No! Try not! Do or do not purify, there is no try.

15. An average person inhales approximately 16kg of air in one day.

16. Purification is often impossible, until it is done.

17. That is one small piece of purification equipment, but one giant leap from clean air and clean water

18. The future belongs to those who can purify their air and water.

19. Purified air keeps the doctor poor.

20. Good artists copy purification technology, great artists steal purification technology.

21. The true sign of intelligence is not knowledge but imagination of new purification technology

22. The less pure the water and air is, the higher the need for purification.

23. In a perfect world purification technology would not be needed, our world is not perfect.

24. Pure happiness is opening the windows and breathing purified air.

25. What is today a proven purification technology was once only imagined.

We hope you enjoyed the 25 fun quotes and fun facts, for some more serious subjects follow one of the links;

Activated carbon , Aeration , Coagulants , Recrystallization , Ion exchangers , Molecular sieves , Ozone oxidation , UV Disinfection , Rapid and slow sand filtration .

Purification techniques: The Basics Points That You Need To Understand

Tue, 02 Jul 2019 19:29:30 GMT

The water you use, the carbon dioxide in your drinks, the paracetamol you take to prevent you from heaving a headache and the air you breathe have all one thing in common and that is that in every case a purification technique has been involved.

There are thousands of substances that need to be purified, and to get a basic understanding about the common purification techniques involved we share the basics on the classic purification techniques (Sand filtration, activated carbon filtration, Aeration and degassing and Coagulation) and modern purification techniques (molecular sieves, ion exchange, UV, recrystallization and ozone).

The basics that are described will consist of, what is the technique, how does it work, what are the advantages and disadvantages and what can be removed from what.

Table of Contents

2 Rapid and slow sand filtration

2.1 What is a sand filter?

2.2 How does sand filtration work?

2.3 What is it difference between rapid and slow sand filtration?

2.4 What are the advantages of a sand filter?

2.5 What are the disadvantages of a sand filter?

2.6 What can be removed with sand filtration?

3 Activated carbon filtration

3.1 What is activated carbon?

3.2 How is activated carbon made?

3.3 How does activated carbon work?

3.4 What are the advantages of activated carbon?

3.5 What are the disadvantages of activated carbon?

3.6 What can be removed with activated carbon and from what?

4 Aeration and degassing

4.1 What is aeration?

4.2 How does aeration work?

4.3 what are the benefits of aeration?

4.4 What are the disadvantages of aeration?

4.5 What can you remove with aeration and from what?

5 Coagulation

5.1 What is coagulation?

5.2 How does coagulation work?

5.3 What are the advantages of coagulation?

5.4 What are the disadvantages of coagulation?

5.5 What can be removed via coagulation?

6 UV (Ultraviolet) disinfection

6.1 UV, what is it?

6.2 How does UV C work?

6.3 Advantages of UV light

6.4 Disadvantages of UV light

6.5 What can be removed (break off) with UV?

7 Ozone oxidation

7.1 What is ozone oxidation?

7.2 How is ozone produced?

7.3 How does ozone oxidation work?

7.4 What are the advantages of ozone oxidation?

7.5 What can you "remove" via ozone oxidation?

8 Ion exchange

8.1 What is an ion exchanger?

8.2 How does an ion exchanger work?

8.3 What are the advantages of an ion exchanger?

8.4 What are the disadvantages of an ion exchanger?

8.5 What can be removed with an ion exchanger?

9 Recrystallization

9.1 What is recrystallization?

9.2 How does recrystallization work?

9.3 What are the advantages of recrystallization?

9.4 What are the disadvantages of recrystallization?

9.5 What can be purified with recrystallization?

10 Molecular sieves

10.1 What is a molecular sieve?

10.2 How does a molecular sieve work?

10.3 What are the advantages of a molecular sieve?

10.4 What are the disadvantages of a molecular sieve?

10.5 What can be removed and from what with a molecular sieve?

2 Rapid and slow sand filtration

2.1 What is a sand filter?

A sand filter is, as one would expect with this name, a filter that is filled with sand. Sand of different particle sizes is contained in a sand filter and at the bottom of a sand filter is a porous double bottom (collector). You can have sand filters ranging from very large to small, this is depending on the flow rate of liquid (usually water). The sand is often in a steel, plastic or concrete filter.

2.2 How does sand filtration work?

A sand filter works in a way that the water flows from top to bottom through a sand bed, sand of a certain particle size is used. The particle size of the sand depends on what people want to remove from the water, it is often seen that different layers are used with different particle size to remove various floating particles. In the sand bed is a porous layer that ensures the operation of the filter. The removed particles will accumulate in the upper layer of a sand filter and after expiration of time, more pressure will be needed to get the water through the sand filter. In order to prevent a filter from becoming clogged, one will after a while backwash the sand filter, whereby the removed particles are flushed out and the filter can be used again. This back-washing is done by reversing the flow direction of the water.

2.3 What is it difference between rapid and slow sand filtration?

The difference between fast and slow sand filtration is that with a slow sand filter, in addition to the mechanical method of removal, also biologically organic material is broken down, this is because there is a biomass in the filter. You cannot backwash a slow sand filter because you then remove the biomass from the filter and then it loses its biological effect.

2.4 What are the advantages of a sand filter?

Various floating particles can be removed
Easily and in a simple process
Effective removal

2.5 What are the disadvantages of a sand filter?

Disposed water must be treated (extra costs)
Filters can clog (major disadvantage with slow sand filtration)
Fine dust in water which is too small to be remove

2.6 What can be removed with sand filtration?

Sand filtration can remove the following; solid particles, sludge, insects, seeds, precipitated iron and manganese particles. This is removed from, for example, surface water, cooling water, waste water, process water, swimming pool water and drinking water.

3 Activated carbon filtration

3.1 What is activated carbon?

Activated carbon (activated coal, activated charcoal) is a special type of carbon that can adsorb various molecules, and these are adsorbed in the large surface area by van der Waals forces. A gram of activated carbon has a surface that can be as large as a football field. This surface is divided into micro, meso and macro pores of the activated carbon. Activated carbon occurs in different particles size and different forms: powder, extrudates, granules and spheres.

3.2 How is activated carbon made?

Activated carbon can be made through various processes and from various carbon-containing raw materials. The best-known process is the steam activation process which involves a carbon source which is carbonized and activated at around 1000 degrees with steam. Another process is chemical activation involving chemicals, for example phosphoric acid, a raw material is impregnated and then activated at around 500 degrees. Often raw materials such as, coal, brown coal, charcoal or coconut shells are used. There are also not natural resources that are used to make synthetic activated carbons.

3.3 How does activated carbon work?

Activated carbon has through the micro, meso and macro pores have a selective adsorption capacity which works by the van der Waals forces. Activated carbon therefore works on the basis of adsorption (ie not absorption). When using activated carbon in, for example, water or gas or air the molecules that one wants to remove eventually end-up via diffusion in the pore structure of the activated carbon where the adsorption takes place.

3.4 What are the advantages of activated carbon?

Very high removal capacity for organic components
Cost-effective product, good price performance
Reuse, in some cases activated carbon can be reactivated and reused

3.5 What are the disadvantages of activated carbon?

Non-selective removal for certain molecules
Possible impurities (e.g. Metals or minerals) can leach into a liquid

3.6 What can be removed with activated carbon and from what?

Activated carbon is the champion in the amount of purification applications. Think of applications as;

Medicine, removal of colors or removal of toxic substances.
Water purification
Removal of mineral oil
Removal of BTEX
Removal of poly aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and removal of phenols.
Process industry, removal of dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls.
Removal of colors and removal of odors.
Fruit juices, removal of phenols and removal of patulin
Sugar, removal of color
Biogas, removal of VOCs and removal of H2S or siloxanes
Flue gas, removal of dioxins
Flue gas, removal of mercury
Water, Removal of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs)

4 Aeration and degassing

4.1 What is aeration?

4.2 How does aeration work?

With aeration substances dissolved in water are brought into contact with the gas phase (air). By the differences in concentration in the water and in the air, substances can be introduced in the water, for example, oxygen that enters the water or from water substances can be transferred to the gas phase (e.g. removal of carbon dioxide). The last of the two is purification technique aeration. A purification technique which also uses the difference in concentrations of liquid and air are vacuum installations or vacuum degassers, these ensure, by creating a vacuum, that the solubility of an unwanted product is lowered in the water phase and therefore easier to remove.

4.3 what are the benefits of aeration?

Air does not need to be purchased
Natural process
Effective, with correct conditions effective removal possible
Addition, oxygen is added to the water.
Mix, aerate ensures that the water is well mixed and remains homogeneous

4.4 What are the disadvantages of aeration?

Costs, aeration costs energy
Clogged pipes, higher mechanical stress and damage to aerators, for example calcium layers that form (due to the aerobic purification, the calcium carbonate settles)
Odor, possible odor emissions to the environment
Used Air often needs to be purified
Sensitive, low (outside) temperature can reduce the efficiency of air stripping

4.5 What can you remove with aeration and from what?

Via the purification technology aeration, it is possible to remove or reduce volatile compounds, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and carbon dioxide. One can remove these components from, for example, sewage, waste water and groundwater. A very positive one is that the technique also adds components such as oxygen.

5 Coagulation

5.1 What is coagulation?

5.2 How does coagulation work?

Important when applying coagulation is determining the right coagulant, the optimal pH value, and the correct dosage. To determine this, practical tests are done, these tests are called Jar tests.

5.3 What are the advantages of coagulation?

Small installations, high flow rate possible with a relatively small installation
Robust process, security
Good return, high achieve removal efficiencies for particles that are difficult to remove

5.4 What are the disadvantages of coagulation?

Precipitation from calcium carbonate (lime) due to possible pH changes in the filter or pipes
Use of chemicals required compared to, for example, aeration
Costs, contaminated sludge often still has to be processed.

5.5 What can be removed via coagulation?

With coagulation you can remove various small particles such as, phosphates (orto and total P), humus and fulvic acids. In addition, it is also possible to reduce fats, carbohydrates, proteins, microorganisms and (heavy) metals. Coagulation is applied in the drinking water, textile, water treatment, food, and metal treatment industry.

6 UV (Ultraviolet) disinfection

6.1 UV, what is it?

UV means Ultraviolet (sometimes this is also called black light or UV light) and this is electromagnetic radiation that is just outside the part of the spectrum that the human eye still can see. The wavelength of ultraviolet radiation is between 100 and 400 nm (nanometer). Ultraviolet light has a shorter wavelength than visible light, the shorter wavelength makes it more energy-rich. Because UV is more energy-rich, the ionization potential of organic molecules can be reached, and chemical reactions can be triggered. In connection with the effects of ultraviolet light on people and the environment a distinction is made between UV A, UV B and UV C. See the difference per UV type below:

UV A is ultraviolet radiation with a wavelength between approx. 315 and 400 nm ("long waves ").
UV B has a wavelength between 280 and 315 nm.
UV C has a wavelength between 100 and 280 nm ("short-wave radiation") UV C is the short-wave radiation used in disinfection and sterilization applications.

6.2 How does UV C work?

UV C disinfection is based on the absorption of UV C radiation by, for example, micro-organisms. With the absorption of the UV-C, the DNA and RNA become damaged in the micro-organisms, so that the microorganisms can no longer reproduce. Just like with a normal lamp, the power is expressed in UV lamps in Watts (W). The more Watts the UV lamp has, the more power and effect for disinfection or sterilization this lamp will have.

6.3 Advantages of UV light

UV has no addition of chemicals that may affect taste, odor and color or that are there have to be purified again later on
UV is environmentally friendly. In principle, no harmful intermediates arise and only cost energy
UV light has many application areas and is an effective disinfection method.
UV light works quick, safe and is easy to use and maintain
UV light has low energy costs

6.4 Disadvantages of UV light

UV light needs the right amount of energy to be effective
UV light is effective for microorganisms not for chemicals
UV light does not delete, but only "breaks"

6.5 What can be removed (break off) with UV?

With UV disinfection and sterilization microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi and traces on or in all kinds of materials or substances are killed or greatly reduced in number. The sterilization and disinfection of air and water is mainly done with use of UV light. Ultraviolet light is often combined with peroxide for organic waste and makes organic micro-pollutants harmless. It is more about breaking down than removing with UV light.

7 Ozone oxidation

7.1 What is ozone oxidation?

7.2 How is ozone produced?

Ozone is a gas that comes from air, more often dry air because gives better returns. By using high electrical voltage (Corona discharge), oxygen (O₂) from the air is converted into ozone (O₃).

7.3 How does ozone oxidation work?

As above, the effect of ozone oxidation is known, so it is not really removal because components are not removed out of the process. The oxidation can be done via reaction with ozone or via indirect reactions with OH Radicals. The components in fresh water are oxidized. In the case of micro-genes, the cell walls and the genetic material from the cells will be oxidized.

7.4 What are the advantages of ozone oxidation?

Widely applicable for oxidation of various components.
Oxidized substances are easier to remove via other purification techniques.
No transport needed, is produced on location

What are the disadvantages of ozone oxidation?

No deletion, it is oxidized and not removed.
Short disinfectant operation
Safety, Ozone reacts with bromide to bromate (carcinogenic substance)
Solid particles may adversely affect the operation of ozone
Safety, strong Oxidizing agents are dangerous and harmful to health

7.5 What can you "remove" via ozone oxidation?

Ozone is often used for the disinfecting effect (against pathogenic organisms, pathogens, bacteria, viruses and endospore), but also for components such as unwanted color, odor, and flavors (organic components). Also, organic micro-contaminants, such as pesticides and medicines can be oxidized by ozone. The oxidized substances are often less soluble in water so that they remove better with other purification techniques. Ozone is often applied in potable water production, swimming pool water and cooling water purification, control from odor and disinfecting waste water.

8 Ion exchange

8.1 What is an ion exchanger?

There are also non-ionic resins, these are capable of removing organic contaminants such as for example trichlorethylene and tetrachlorethylene.

8.2 How does an ion exchanger work?

An ion exchanger works on the basis of exchange of ions (as the name implies). A little bit of background information about what an ion is; an ion is an electric charged atom or molecule that is present in, for example, water as K + Na +, CA 2+ or Cl-, positive ions are called cations and negative ions anions. If negative ions are removed, then an anion exchanger is used, if it is desired to remove positive ions then one can use a cation exchanger. In some cases, you can do both in one system, this is called a mixed bed (mixed bed system). After a certain time, an ion exchanger is saturated, it can be regenerated with a regenerant usually this is an acid or a base. The resin particles have often a uniform particle size. A uniform particle size has several advantages over a large spread of the particle size of the resin particles. Benefits include; better water quality, better separation layered beds and mixed beds, higher efficiency and greater mechanical stability.

8.3 What are the advantages of an ion exchanger?

Selective removal is possible by choosing the right ion exchanger
High removal efficiency is possible for cations and anions
Regeneration of the bed gives a very long service life (disadvantage of acid and base required = costs)
Ion exchangers can also work well with low water pressure

8.4 What are the disadvantages of an ion exchanger?

Sensitive to pollution, think, for example, of suspended particles
Resin can be sensitive for oxidizing substances
Cost of acids and bases for regeneration
Often one pre-purification step is needed such as aeration of the water, sedimentation and sand filtration.
Disposal costs of the acids and bases used for regeneration

8.5 What can be removed with an ion exchanger?

9 Recrystallization

9.1 What is recrystallization?

In chemistry, and especially with organic synthesis and analytical chemistry, recrystallization is an often-applied purification technique. With recrystallization a material is dissolved and re-crystallized under other conditions to reach higher purity levels.

9.2 How does recrystallization work?

In the case of recrystallization, one solidifies crystallized material, and this is finally crystallized again to obtain the final product; crystals with the desired size, shape, purity and yield. The underlying mechanisms, dissolution and recrystallization can also minimize the internal energy of the crystal so that a better energy balance is achieved, resulting in a stable polymorphic product. Usually, recrystallization is intentionally applied to crystals and processes to optimize these. The method works based on the principle that the recrystallizing substance is low soluble in a given solvent at a low temperature (e.g. ethanol or acetone), but much more soluble at higher temperature.

9.3 What are the advantages of recrystallization?

To achieve high efficiency, the purification technique works especially well when the difference in solubility between hot and cold large is.
Organic chemistry, very good to apply technique in organic chemistry.

9.4 What are the disadvantages of recrystallization?

Unwanted or by-products, uncontrolled recrystallization can cause the undesired production of hydrates and solvents or polymorphic transformations.
Much research needed (high costs and a lot of time), choosing the right solvent is therefore important and this usually requires a lot research.

9.5 What can be purified with recrystallization?

Various products become, through recrystallization, purified in the chemical and pharmaceutical industry in particular;

Salicylic acid (painkiller)
Benzoic acid (food additive, E210)
Cocaine (stimulant that belongs to the alkaloids)
Potassium perchlorate (very powerful oxidizer)
Melting is a variant of recrystallization and this is mainly used as a purification technique for silicon and other semiconductors for making various electronic components.

10 Molecular sieves

10.1 What is a molecular sieve?

A molecular sieve is a solid material with a pore distribution that is very uniform and is used for adsorption in both the liquid and the gas phase. There are various types of molecular sieves such as carbon molecular sieves (CMS), zeolites, limestone and silica gels. With molecular sieving there is made a distinction between the types based on the micro (smaller than 2 nanometers), meso (between 2 and 50 nanometers) and macro pores (larger than 50 nanometers) they have.

10.2 How does a molecular sieve work?

A molecular sieve works on the basis of adsorbing molecules that are small enough to enter the pore structure through diffusion. Molecules that are larger than the pores cannot enter the molecular sieve. This mechanism of adsorption works both in the liquid phase as well as in the gas phase.

10.3 What are the advantages of a molecular sieve?

Selective removal - the uniform pore size makes it possible to selectively remove molecules.
High removal efficiency possible - the large amount of pores ensures high capacity.
Reuse - Regeneration is common as a result of which the total operating costs can remain low.

10.4 What are the disadvantages of a molecular sieve?

Costs - molecular sieves are often more expensive than other techniques in the purchase price
Fragile - molecular sieves can break which can result in particles that can get into a process
Selective - not always applicable at removal of various molecules

10.5 What can be removed and from what with a molecular sieve?

Molecular sieves are used in both liquid and gas / air, see some examples below.

Removal of water from LNG
Removal of moisture from air
Removing acid gases such as CO2 (carbon dioxide), H2S (hydrogen sulfide) for example from biogas
Removal of mercaptans from gas or air
Removal of hydrocarbons such as BTX (benzene, toluene and xylene)

We have now described the basics of 9 purification techniques and trust that we provided useful information.

Herkristallisatie (omkristallisatie)

duda-wsm@mijndomein.nl — Mon, 01 Jul 2019 00:00:00 GMT

Herkristallisatie (omkristallisatie) is een krachtige zuiveringstechniek. We zullen ingaan op de volgende onderwerpen in dit blog; Wat is herkristallisatie, hoe werkt herkristallisatie, wat zijn de voordelen en nadelen van herkristallisatie en wat kan men eigenlijk verwijderen met herkristallisatie en waaruit kan men dit verwijderen via deze zuiveringstechniek.

“Vooral bij organische synthese isherkristallisatie een veel toegepaste zuiveringstechniek”

Wat is herkristallisatie (omkristallisatie)?

In de scheikunde, en dan vooral bij organische synthese en analytische scheikunde, is herkristallisatie een veel toegepaste zuiveringstechniek. Herkristallisatie in materiaal oplossen enopnieuw kristalliseren onder andere condities waardoor een hogere zuiverheidkan worden gebruikt.

VOOR INFORMATIE OVER MEERDERE ZUIVERINGSTECHNIEKEN, CLICK HIER OM ONZE GRATIS TOOL TE GEBRUIKEN

Hoe werkt herkristallisatie?

Bij herkristallisatie wordt een gestold kristallijn materiaal in oplossing gebracht en uiteindelijk weer gekristalliseerd om de definitieve productkristallen te verkrijgen met de gewenste grootte, vorm, zuiverheid en opbrengst. De onderliggende mechanismen, dissolutie en herkristallisatiekunnen ook de interne energie van het kristal minimaliseren, zodat een betere energiebalans wordt bereikt met als gevolg een stabiel polymorf product. Gewoonlijk wordt herkristallisatie met opzet toegepast om kristallen en processen te optimaliseren. De methode werk op basis van het principe dat de te omkristalliseren stof bij een lage temperatuur weinig oplosbaar is in een bepaald oplosmiddel (bijvoorbeeld ethanol of aceton), maar veel beter oplosbaar bij hogeretemperatuur.

Wat zijn de voordelen van herkirstallisatie?

Hoge efficiëntie te behalen, de zuiveringstechniek werkt vooral goed als het verschil in oplosbaarheid tussen warm enkoud groot is.
Organische scheikunde, zeer goed toe tepassen techniek in de organische scheikunde.

Wat zijn de nadelen van herkristallisatie?

Ongewenste- of bijproducten, ongecontroleerdeherkristallisaties kunnen zorgen voor de ongewenste productie van hydraten enoplosmiddelen of polymorfe transformaties.
Veel onderzoek nodig (hoge kosten en veel tijd), de keuze van het juiste oplosmiddel is dus belangrijk en dit vergt doorgaans veelonderzoek.

Wat kan men zuiveren met herkristallisatie?

Via herkristallisatie worden diverse producengezuiverd in vooral de chemische en farmaceutische industrie denk hierbij aan;

Salicylzuur (pijnstiller)
Benzoëzuur (additief in voeding, E210)
Cocaïne (stimulerend middel dat behoort tot de alkaloïden)
Kaliumperchloraat (zeer krachtige oxidator)

Een variant op herkristallisatie is het zonesmelten en dit wordt vooral veel toegepast als zuiveringstechniek voor silicium en andere halfgeleiders voor het maken van diverse elektronische componenten.

In dit blog zijn we ingaan op de basis van de zuiveringstechniek herkristallisatie. We zijn ingegaan op de volgende thema’s wat is herkristallisatie, hoe werkt herkristallisatie, wat zijn devoordelen en nadelen van herkristallisatie en wat kan men eigenlijk verwijderen met herkristallisatie. Lees ook onze andere en toekomstige blogs over diverse zuiveringstechnieken.

Zuiveren en werken

Tue, 11 Jun 2019 18:10:52 GMT

Het is niet altijd makkelijk om een bepaalde techniek aan een branche te koppelen, soms zijn bepaalde technieken voor meerdere branches toe te passen. En dit is heel mooi voor jou om te zoeken naar een nieuwe baan buiten je huidige branche. Als jij bijvoorbeeld kennis hebt van het zuiveren van een bepaald product, dan kan je de basis van deze techniek vaak in andere branches inzetten. Stel je voor, jij weet veel van het zuiveren van drinkwater bij een drinkwaterbedrijf, dan zou je deze kennis ook kunnen gebruiken bij het zuiveren van drinkwater op locaties van industriële bedrijven of het verder zuiveren van water voor bijvoorbeeld medische apparatuur. Uiteraard kan minder schoon water ook een mogelijkheid zijn, zoals afvalwaterzuivering

VOOR INFORMATIE OVER MEERDERE ZUIVERINGSTECHNIEKEN, CLICK HIER OM ONZE GRATIS TOOL TE GEBRUIKEN

Laten we eens verder gaan kijken naar de zuiveringstechniek.

Het zuiveren

Om bij de basis te beginnen; bij het zuiveren van een product voer je een techniek uit om iets uit het product te halen, zodat het beter geschikt is voor een toepassing.

Voorbeelden zijn;

het zuiveren van ruwe grondstoffen
het zuiveren van diverse soorten water of gassen
het zuiveren om een product schoon te maken
het zuiveren om het geschikt te maken voor bijvoorbeeld (medicinale)voeding

Zoals je ziet kan een zuiveringstechniek toegepast worden in vele richtingen, en dit geeft jou mogelijkheden om verder te kijken naar een nieuwe baan.

Het doel van het zuiveren kan dus allemaal verschillende reden hebben. Hierdoor zijn er vaak verschillende manieren van zuiveren noodzakelijk.

Om je te verdiepen in de verschillende technieken kan je bijvoorbeeld eens kijken op diverse websites zoals onze; Zuiveringstechnieken.nl hierin leggen we makkelijk en kort uit wat welke techniek doet.

Je kan deze informatie weer gebruiken om je voor te bereiden op je sollicitatiegesprek.

Branches en zuiveringstechnieken

Hieronder hebben we een aantal voorbeelden gezet van branches waar zuiveringstechnieken worden toegepast.

Afvalwaterzuiveringen

Waterschappen vacatures

Waterschappen in Nederland https://www.waterschappen.nl/mijn-waterschap/

Drinkwaterbedrijven

Vitens

Evides

Zoals al aangegeven gebruiken veel bedrijven diverse zuiveringstechnieken in hun proces. Dit kan het binnenkomende product zijn, tijdens het productieproces en/of het eind- en afvalproduct. Tip, kijk eens op Google Maps of een bedrijf een afvalwaterzuivering heeft.

-Voedingsbedrijven

-Chemische en pharmaceutische bedrijven

BASF

DOW

Als laatste hebben we nog bedrijven welke gespecialiseerd zijn in het maken van kleine en grote zuiveringsinstallaties om deze aan hun klanten te verkopen en eventueel te onderhouden. Kijk eens bij:

Als jij wat weet over zuiveringstechnieken, kan het best zijn dat er een mooie baan voor je is. De mogelijkheden zijn er genoeg.

SOLLICITATIE TIPS

Het doel van een sollicitatiegesprek is om te kijken of jij geschikt bent voor de baan waarop jij solliciteert. Het is de eerste indruk die gelijk goed moet zijn om wellicht door naar de tweede ronde te mogen. Tevens is het voor het bedrijf ook belangrijk om te kijken of jij naast het uitvoeren van de werkzaamheden ook in het team past. Het sollicitatiegesprek is voor jou een mooie gelegenheid om na te gaan of jij bij het bedrijf past en of de baan je leuk lijkt. Schrijf alle vragen op die je wilt weten.

Een goede voorbereiding is dus heel belangrijk. Met de onderstaande tips laat jij zeker een goede indruk achter en weet jij ook gelijk of de baan en de bedrijfscultuur bij je passen.

Alvast succes met de voorbereiding. Als je onderstaande gelezen hebt, heb je al een goede stap gezet. Die baan is voor jou!

Solliciteren via internet

Op deze pagina kan je bedrijven vinden waar diverse banen beschikbaar zijn. Nadat je een interessante baan gevonden hebt bij een bedrijf zal je erop moeten solliciteren. Elke bedrijf heeft zijn eigen mogelijkheid om te solliciteren. Het is in dit proces belangrijk om jezelf voor te stellen. Het DOEL van deze stap is om het bedrijf te "triggeren" zodat je uitgenodigd gaat worden. Tip lees de functie omschrijving van de baan goed door en schrijf voor jezelf al je sterke punten op.

Het goed om ook meer over het bedrijf te weten te komen. Vaak staat "over ons" of onder de "geschiedenis" meer over het bedrijf. Uiteraard is Google ook een goede bron om meer te weten te komen over het bedrijf.

Je CV is een samenvatting van wat je allemaal kan. Uiteraard kan je al je werk en privé ervaring niet op 2 a 3, A4 papiertjes beschrijven. Zorg dus dat hierin alle belangrijke punten staan die raakvlak hebben met de functie. Je kan hierin denken aan je opleidingen, diploma's, relevante privé werkzaamheden.

Goede voorbereiding

Het spreek eigenlijk voor zich, een goede voorbereiding is zeer belangrijk voordat je naar het gesprek gaat. Zorg dat je het e.e.a. over het bedrijf weet en wellicht wat info over de markt, en uiteraard over de baan zelf.

Vragen die je kan verwachten. Zorg dus dat je antwoorden hebt en voorbeelden:

Wat zijn je sterke punten (en waarom + heb je voorbeelden)?
Wat zijn je zwakke punten (en waarom + heb je voorbeelden)?
Hoe zou iemand anders jou omschrijven?
Waarom solliciteer je op de baan?

Bedenk zelf ook wat vragen voor het gesprek. Wat wil jij weten?

Kunnen ze een omschrijving geven van de afdeling / cultuur?
Hoe groot is de afdeling?
Hoe ziet een normale werk week eruit?
Wat zijn de hoofdwerkzaamheden?

Salaris en secondaire voorwaarden:

Of je huidige salaris en arbeidsvoorwaarden in het eerste of tweede gesprek besproken gaat worden weet je nog niet, dus zorg wel dat je hier al meer over weet

Wat is je salaris? Hoeveel uur werk je?
Hoeveel vrije dagen heb je?
Heb je studie verlof?
Hoeveel is je bonus en heb je een 13e maand?
Zit er een lease auto bij de baan, moet je nog bijbetalen aan het bedrijf? Wat voor een auto?
Betaald je huidige werkgever je pensioen?

Dit zijn een aantal voorbeelden, maar wellicht zijn er nog andere secondaire voorwaarden welke interessant zijn. Het salaris is belangrijk maar de secondaire arbeidsvoorwaarden ook.

Zorg dat je alles uitprint voor het gesprek.

Het gesprek

Wellicht ben je een beetje zenuwachtig voor het gesprek, dit is niet nodig. Je heb je goed voorbereid en je spullen uitgeprint. Het bedrijf wil graag meer van jou weten en jij van hun. Je hebt nette kleren aangetrokken welke bij het type baan passen, dus daar zal het allemaal niet aan liggen.

Intro

In dit deel stel je jezelf voor en zal je het over algemene dingen hebben. Bij het voorstellen is het goed om te weten wie er tegenover je zit. Is dit eventueel je nieuwe manager of iemand van HR. Door goed op te letten in dit deel kan je al kijken of je een klik kan vinden met het bedrijf.

Weet je niet snel wat te benoemen, let dan op als je het bedrijf binnen loopt, wat voor indrukken doe je op, zie je iets bijzonders? Vraag even naar deze dingen. Als de andere aan het praten is, kan jij vast over je volgende vraag na denken.

Bedenk nog wel je zit in de intro van het gesprek.

Hoofdgesprek

Na een korte intro en eerste korte kennismaking zal jij je uitgebreider gaan voorstellen en introduceren. Je kan je CV als een rode draad gebruiken in je gesprek. vaak zullen ze je vragen "waar blijkt dit uit" en "kan je een voorbeeld geven" bedenk dan dat je je goed hebt voorbereid en al diverse vragen hebt beschreven in voorbereiding (o.a. Sterke en zwakke punten met voorbeelden). Weet je ze even niet uit je hoofd pak je papieren er even bij, deze heb je toch naast je liggen.

Afsluiting van het gesprek

In dit deel van het gesprek heb je het hoofddeel gehad. Als het goed is weet jij meer over de functie en het bedrijf en hun meer over jou. Check nog even of je alle vragen hebt die je had, gesteld hebt, weet je nu alles?

In de afsluiting zal je net als de intro weer even over de normale dingen praten, wellicht zit er nog een korte rondleiding in bij het bedrijf (mocht dit interessant zijn).

Voordat je elkaar de handschut is het nog wel goed om te vragen wat de volgende stappen zullen zijn van het bedrijf. Wanneer vertellen ze je meer, wat is de verder procedure.

Het vervolg gesprek

We gaan ervan uit dat je een gevolg gesprek hebt, maar stel nu dat dit niet het geval is.... Dan kan je nog een aantal vragen stellen om meer informatie te achterhalen en hiervan te leren. Je wilt uiteraard weten waarom je het niet bent geworden.

Waarom ben ik het niet geworden?
Wat had ik beter kunnen doen?
Welke competenties mis ik voor de baan?
Is je huidige salaris te hoog?

Deze informatie zal jou verder helpen om je volgende sollicitatie te verbeteren.

We gaan nu verder met het vervolg gesprek. Dit deel is lastig te omschrijven, aangezien een vervolg gesprek bij elk bedrijf er ander uit kan zien.

Wellicht moet je een assessment maken, een vervolg gesprek met het nieuwe team of anders.

Wat je ook moet doen, bedenk wel dat je al door bent naar de volgende rond en dat je hun interesse al hebt gewekt. Vraag voordat je het tweede gesprek ingaat wat er van je verwacht wordt.

Stel ze doen je een voorstel, zeg nooit gelijk ja, speek een termijn af om hierop terug te komen. Na het weekend is meestal een goed moment om hierop terug te komen.

Bespreek eventueel het voorstel met je partner, ouders of kennissen.

Tip, vraag of ze eventueel een salaris strookje kunnen maken met je nieuwe salaris, dan weet je ook ongeveer wat je netto gaat overhouden. Kan je mooi vergelijken met je oude salaris.

Voor meer tips over werk bezoek: www.banenvinden.nl

Nieuwe alinea

Moleculaire Zeven: 5 Punten Die Jij Moet Weten

Wed, 05 Jun 2019 17:42:44 GMT

In dit blog gaan we in op de zuiveringstechniek moleculaire zeven. We gaan in op de volgende thema’s, wat zijn moleculaire zeven, hoe werkt een moleculaire zeef, wat zijn de voordelen en nadelen van moleculaire zeven en wat kan men eigenlijk verwijderen met moleculaire zeven en waaruit kan men dit verwijderen via deze zuiveringstechniek.

VOOR INFORMATIE OVER MEERDERE ZUIVERINGSTECHNIEKEN, CLICK HIER OM ONZE GRATIS TOOL TE GEBRUIKEN

Wat is een moleculaire zeef?

Een moleculaire zeef is een vast materiaal met een porie verdeling die zeer uniform is en dit wordt gebruikt voor adsorptie in zowel de vloeistof als de gasfase. Er bestaan diverse typen moleculaire zeven zoals bijvoorbeeld koolstof moleculaire zeven (CMS), zeolieten, kalksteen en silicagel. Bij moleculair zeven wordt er onderscheid gemaakt in de types op basis van de micro (kleiner dan 2 nanometer),meso (tussen de 2 en 50 nanometer) en macro poriën (groter dan 50 nanometer) die ze hebben.

Hoe werkt een moleculaire zeef?

Een moleculaire zeef werkt op basis van het adsorberen van moleculen die klein genoeg zijn om in de poriestructuur tekomen door middel van diffusie. Moleculen die groter zijn dan de poriën kunnen niet in de moleculaire zeef komen. Dit mechanisme van adsorptie werkt zowel in de vloeistoffase als in de gasfase.

Wat zijn de voordelen van een moleculaire zeef?

Selectieve verwijdering – de uniformeporie grote maakt het mogelijk om gericht te verwijderen
Hoog verwijderingsrendement mogelijk – de grote hoeveelheid poriën zorgt voor hoge rendementen
Hergebruik – Regeneratie is vaak mogelijk waardoor de totale gebruikskosten laag kunnen blijven

Wat zijn de nadelen van een moleculaire zeef?

Kosten – moleculaire zeven zijn vaakduurder dan andere technieken in aanschafprijs
Breekbaar – moleculaire zeven kunnenbreken waardoor deeltjes in een proces kunnen komen
Selectief – niet altijd inzetbaar bijverwijdering van diverse moleculen

Wat kan men verwijderen met een moleculaire zeef?

Moleculaire zeven worden in zowel vloeistof en gas/lucht ingezet, zie hieronder enkele voorbeelden.
Verwijderen van water uit LNG
Verwijderen van vocht uit lucht
Verwijderen van zure gassen zoalsCO2 (koolstofdioxide), H2S (waterstofsulfide) uit bijvoorbeeld biogas
Verwijderen van mercaptanen uit gasof lucht
Verwijderen van koolwaterstoffen zoals BTX (benzeen, tolueen en xyleen)

In dit blog zijn we ingaan op de basis van de zuiveringstechniek moleculaire zeven. We zijn ingegaan op de volgende thema’s wat is een moleculaire zeef, hoe werkt een moleculaire zeef, wat zijn de voordelen en nadelen van moleculaire zeven en wat kan men eigenlijk verwijderen met moleculaire zeven. Lees ook onze andere en toekomstige blogs over diverse zuiveringstechnieken.

Periodic Table Of Elements Tool: All Elements From 1 until 118

Fri, 24 May 2019 19:46:06 GMT

The periodic table of elements is a table that contains the known chemical elements. The elements are arranged in the periodic table according to their atomic numbers (the number of protons in the atom). Various of these elements will be encountered when purifying, for example, gas, air or liquid. A number of these elements often have to be removed because of regulations, safety or to obtain a higher purity level.

1869 is seen as the year in which the periodic table originated (there did exist earlier versions), it was published that year by Dmitri Mendeleev. In over the years the table has been supplemented with various elements, up to the version that is being used by us about 150 years later.

We have a tool at our purification technology website that shows the periodic table and a short description of all elements. To have basic knowledge of elements is always useful when selecting the right purification technique. Find below the direct link to the tool;

https://www.zuiveringstechnieken.nl/en-gb/periodic-table

The tool provides very brief information on the various elements of the periodic table. Should there be more information needed about the technique to purify then one can also directly go to this tool, the purification technology selection tool. We hope that you enjoy working with this new tool.

Purification Techniques Selection Tool

Sun, 19 May 2019 12:07:07 GMT

There are many purification techniques around us, to make all this easily available, purification techniques made a simple and effective tool, we launched the "Purification techniques selection tool". You can access the tool directly via the following link:

Purification techniques selection tool access

The tool briefly discusses what can be removed via, for example, ozone oxidation, aeration or with UV and activated carbon. If more information is needed about the technology, one can click on the link to a blog to see the background and advantages and disadvantages of the technology. We wish the you a lot of pleasure using this tool.

Buyers: 10 Tips For Buying Purification Technology

Wed, 15 May 2019 19:43:15 GMT

Various companies can be approached for buying, among other things, activated carbon, UV-installation, ozone and ion exchangers. The type of company that one can approach can be, for example, an engineering company, web store, distributor or producer of a purification technique. When buying, also think about what exactly you want to buy, this sounds logical, but here are 10 tips that you should definitely think about.

USE OUR PURIFICATION TECHNIQUES SELECTION TOOL TO LEARN MORE ABOUT VARIOUS TECHNIQUES, CLICK HERE

Companies

Companies that sell various purification techniques can now easily be found via Google (there are many), but to help you on your way, below are a few examples of companies that are active in the purification industry. Business and web link;

BWT, https://www.bwtnederland.nl
PWN, https://pwntechnologies.com
Cabot (Norit), http://www.cabotcorp.com/
Brenntag, http://brenntag.com/
Water Benelux
Paques, https://nl.paques.nl/

View the website of these companies and with the acquired knowledge one can approach these companies or search further on Google. Simple search terms that can be used include:

"Removal of COD from water"
"Removal of H2S from biogas"
"Removal of ions"
"Removal of microbiology"
"Purchase of ion exchanger"
"Purchase of activated carbon"

10 Tips in the buying process of purification technology

In the purchasing process of a purification technique, people will have to think about many things in advance. To help in this process, below are 10 tips from us:

Can the purification technology remove what one wants?
Is the purification technology possibly suitable for future expansion?
What are the advantages and disadvantages of the purification technology?
When can the order be delivered? (Delivery guarantee)
Are quality certificates required? (EN, ISO, HACCP, GMP)
Does the supplier give guarantees? (Material guarantees, process guarantees, performance guarantees)
What are the payment conditions? (Advance payment, after xx number of days)
Is the company where people buy financially healthy? (Suppose it goes bankrupt, is that a problem for you?)
Do you also expect a certain service from the supplier? (Service costs, service contract)
Does a supplier have the confidence to be the right partner?

1 more bonus tip: Request a discount! With just the question, there are many companies that lower prices!

Directly buy from a producer?

Below is a selection of various companies that produce the purification technique.

Top 5 Molecular sieves producers

The Universal Oil Products LLC (Honeywell InternationalInc.)
CECA (Arkema Group)
Zeochem AG
Tosoh Corporation
W. R. Grace & Co.-Conn.

Top 5 Activated carbon producers / activated charcoal producers

Calgon Carbon Corporation
Cabot (Norit)
Jacobi Carbons (OSAKA GAS)
Donau Chemie Group
Ingevity (MWV)

Top 5 Ion exchange producers

DowDuPont
Finex Oy
ION Exchange
Lanxess
Thermax Limited

Top 5 UV disinfection equipment producers

Basf
Songwon
Clariant
Solvay
AdekaCorporation

Top 5 Ozone oxidation equipment producers

Xylem
Ozonia
Mitsubishi Electric
ProMinent
Toshiba

Working at companies with purification techniques

As long as there are people, purification techniques will be needed, think of air purification, purification of medicines, purification of metals, purification of food, purification from drinking, purifying fruit juices, purifying gasses and so on. If they see a challenging and interesting company in this fascinating sector, prepare a meeting with information from our website, for example, but also use the application tip as mentioned on https://www.banenvinden.nl/

Het periodiek systeem tool

Sun, 12 May 2019 10:58:41 GMT

Het periodiek systeem der elementen is een tabel waarin de bekende chemische elementen staan. De elementen worden in het periodiek systeem geordend volgens hun atoomnummers (het aantal protonen in de atoomkern). Diverse van deze elementen zal men veel tegenkomen bij het zuiveren van bijvoorbeeld gas, lucht of vloeistof, hierbij zullen een aantal van deze elementen vaak verwijderend moeten worden dan wel door regelgeving of om een hogere zuiverheid te verkrijgen.

1869 wordt gezien als het jaar waar op het periodiek systeem ontstaan is (er bestonden wel eerdere versies), het werd in dat jaar gepubliceerd door Dmitri Mendelejev. In de loop der jaren is de tabel met diverse elementen aangevuld, tot de versie die nu ongeveer 150 jaar later gebruikt wordt door ons.

Op zuiveringstechnieken.nl hebben we een tool op de website die het periodiek systeem laat zien en hierbij een korte omschrijving geeft van alle elementen die hierin staan. Om basiskennis van elementen te hebben is altijd handig bij het selecteren van de juiste zuiveringstechniek. Hieronder vind men de link direct naar de tool:

https://www.zuiveringstechnieken.nl/periodiek-systeem

De tool gaat heel kort in op de diverse elementen van het periodiek systeem. Mocht er meer informatie nodig zijn over de techniek om te zuiveren dan kan men via deze tool ook direct naar de zuiveringstechniek selectie tool gaan. Wij wensen de gebruikers veel plezier met het gebruik van deze tool.

Zuiveringstechnieken selectietool

Wed, 01 May 2019 19:35:45 GMT

Er zijn vele zuiveringstechnieken om ons heen te vinden, om dit alles eenvoudig beschikbaar te hebben, heeft zuiveringstechnieken.nl, een simpele en effectieve tool gelanceerd de "Zuiveringstechnieken selectietool". Via de volgende link komt men rechtstreeks bij de tool:

https://www.zuiveringstechnieken.nl/zuiveringstechniek-selectietool

De tool gaat heel kort in op wat men kan verwijderen via bijvoorbeeld ozon oxidatie, beluchten of met UV en actieve kool. Mocht er meer informatie nodig zijn over de techniek dan kan men klikken op de link naar een blog om de achtergrond en voor en nadelen van de technieken te zien. Wij wensen de gebruikers veel plezier met het gebruik van deze tool.

Zuiveringstechnieken: 8 Technieken Die Je Moet Kennen

Wed, 24 Apr 2019 00:00:00 GMT

In dit blog zullen we ingaan op de basis van zuiveringstechnieken. De onderwerpen die in dit blog behandeld zullen worden geven antwoord op de vragen wat zuiveringstechnieken zijn, wat voor soorten zuiveringstechnieken er zijn en er wordt kort ingegaan opveel gebruikte technieken in de water industrie.

Wat zijn zuiveringstechnieken?

Als we naar het woord zuiveringstechnieken gaan ziet men dat dit opgebouwd is uit zuivering en technieken. Zuiveren betekend reinigen of iets verwijderen wat ongewenst is, kijkt men naar bijvoorbeeld waterzuiveren dan bedoelt men het verwijderen van ongewenste stoffen of deeltjes uit water. Het woord technieken beschrijft dan weer de manier of technologie die gebruikt wordt om het zuiveren te doen.

Wat voor soort zuiveringstechnieken zijn er?

Er zijn vele voorbeelden van zuiveringstechnieken zoals zandfiltratie, actief koolfiltratie, oxidatie, ionenwisseling en chemische zuivering. Deze technieken zijn allen gericht op het wegnemen van deeltjes (moleculen, fijnstof, insecten, etc) uit een gas, lucht, vloeistof of een vaste stof. Hieronder zullen we een korte beschrijving geven van veel gebruikte klassieke en moderne zuiveringstechnieken in de waterindustrie.

Klassieke zuiveringstechnieken:

Snel filtratie en langzame zandfiltratie

Een zandfilter is een filter dat gevuld is met zand van een bepaalde deeltjes grote en dit wordt onderandere gebruikt wordt voor het zuiveren van drinkwater, oppervlaktewater, afvalwater, vijvers en zwembaden. Het filter kan gemaakt zijn van staal, kunststof of beton. Er bestaan snelle zandfilters en langzame zandfilters.

Snel zandfilter

Een snel zandfilter werkt als volgt: het water stroomt van boven naar onder door een zandbed. Alle onzuiverheden die groter zijn dan de ruimte tussen de zandkorrels(zoals insecten en zaadjes) worden tegengehouden. Onzuiverheden die kleiner zijn (algen, opgeloste stoffen en kleine deeltjes) worden niet tegengehouden door het zandbed.

Langzaam zandfilter

Een langzaam zandfilter bevat ook zand, maar het debiet (stroomsnelheid van hetwater) is veel lager. In een langzaam zandfilter ontwikkelt zich een biomassa welke verontreinigingen op biologische wijze afbreekt. Een dergelijk filter wordt dan ook niet teruggespoeld, omdat hiermee de biomassa zou verdwijnen.

Actief koolfiltratie

Actieve kool is een speciaal behandelde koolstof die door adsorptie allerlei stoffen aan zich kan binden. Een belangrijk toepassingsgebied is filteren,dit kan via korrelkool in filters of via poederkool dat wordt toegevoegd en later wordt verwijderd door een filter. Actieve kool heeft veel toepassingen in de geneeskunde (adsorptie van giftigestoffen), in de waterzuivering, procesindustrie (adsorptie van dioxines en polychloorbifenylen)en om te ontkleuren (adsorptie van kleurstoffen) en te ontgeuren(adsorptie van Geurstoffen).

Beluchting en ontgassing

Bij beluchting en/of ontgassing worden in water opgeloste stoffen in contact gebracht met de gasfase(lucht). Door de concentratieverschillen worden stoffen in het water gebracht(bijv. zuurstof dat in het water komt) dan wel uit het water aan de gasfase overgedragen (het verwijderen van koolzuur).

Coagulatie

Coagulatie is bij waterzuivering het destabiliseren van colloïdale deeltjes door hun lading te neutraliseren met een toegevoegde chemische stof, een zogenoemde coagulant.Een colloïde is overigens een heel klein deeltje dat wel iets groter is dan een molecuul en een diameter heeft tussen de 1 en de 1000 nanometer.

Moderne zuiveringstechnieken

UV (Ultraviolet) Desinfectie/Sterilisatie

Bij UV-desinfectieen sterilisatie worden opzettelijk micro-organismen, zoals bacteriën, virussen, schimmels en sporen opof in allerlei materialen of stoffen gedood of sterk verminderd in aantal. Steriliserenen desinfecteren van lucht en water gebeurt met UV licht.

Ozon – oxidatie

Ozonisatie is een chemische oxidatie methode met als doel het inactiveren en/of vernietigen van ziekteverwekkende organismen ook wel pathogenen genoemd. Ook organischemicroverontreinigingen, zoals bestrijdingsmiddelen en geneesmiddelen, worden door ozon geoxideerd.

Ionenwisseling

Ionenwisselaars zijn bolletjes van gesulfoneerde kunsthars die ongewenste ionen uiteen vloeistof (normaal gesproken water) kunnen verwijderen door zeuit te wisselen tegen andere ionen. De vloeistof wordt over een met bolletjes ionenwisselaarhars gevulde kolom gegoten. De ongewenste ionen in de vloeistof wisselen met de ionen die op de drager gehechtzijn. Er wordt gewisseld met gelijkwaardige elektrovalenties, zozal Ca2+ op de drager door twee protonen worden gewisseld.

In dit blog hebben we een basiskennis gegeven over de betekenis van zuiveringstechnieken en zijn weingegaan op een aantal verschillende technieken, lees ook onze andere en toekomstigeblogs over andere zuiveringstechnieken zoals bijvoorbeeld omkristallisatie .

10 Tips Om Zuiveringstechnieken Te Kopen

duda-wsm@mijndomein.nl — Tue, 23 Apr 2019 00:00:00 GMT

Voor het kopen van onder andere actieve kool, UV-installatie, ozon en ionenwisselaars kan men diverse bedrijven benaderen. Het type bedrijf dat men kan benaderen kan bijvoorbeeld zijn een engineering bedrijf, webwinkel, distributeur of producent van een zuiveringstechniek. Denk bij het kopen ook aan wat men precies wil kopen, dit klinkt logisch maar hier zijn nog 10 tips waar men zeker aan moet denken.

VOOR INFORMATIE OVER MEERDERE ZUIVERINGSTECHNIEKEN, CLICK HIER OM ONZE GRATIS TOOL TE GEBRUIKEN

Bedrijven

Bedrijven die diverse zuiveringstechnieken verkopen kan men tegenwoordig makkelijk via Google vinden (er zijn er heel veel), maar om je eventueel op weg te helpen zijn hieronder een aantal voorbeelden van bedrijven die actief zijn in de zuiveringsindustrie.

Bedrijf en weblink

**mocht men willen werken met zuiveringstechnieken kijk dan eventueel onderaan**

Bekijk de website van deze bedrijven en met de opgedane kennis kan men of deze bedrijven benaderen of verder zoek op Google. Simpele zoektermen die men kan gebruikten zijn bijvoorbeeld:

“Verwijderen van CZV uit water”

“Verwijderen van H2S uit biogas”

“Verwijderen van ionen”

“Verwijderen van microbiologie”

“Kopen van ionenwisselaar”

“Kopen van actieve kool”

10 Tips in het koop proces van zuiveringstechnologie

In het aankoop proces van een zuiveringstechniek zal men vooraf over vele zaken na moeten denken. Om in dit proces te helpen zijn hieronder 10 tips van ons:

Kan de zuiveringstechnologie verwijderen wat men wil?
Is de zuiveringstechnologie eventueel geschikt voor toekomstige uitbreiding?
Wat zijn de voor en nadelen van de zuiveringstechnologie? (Zie ook onze blogs voor informatie: https://www.zuiveringstechnieken.nl/ )
Wanneer kan men de bestelling leveren? (Levergarantie)
Zijn er kwaliteitscertificaten nodig? (EN, ISO, HACCP, GMP)
Geeft de leverancier garanties? (Materiaal garanties, proces garanties, performance garanties)
Wat zijn de betalingscondities? (Vooruitbetaling, na xx aantal dagen)
Is het bedrijf waar men koopt financieel gezond? (stel dat het failliet gaat, is dat voor jou een probleem?)
Verwacht je ook een bepaalde service van de leverancier? (Service kosten, service contract)
Geeft een leverancier het vertrouwen de juiste partner te zijn?

Nog 1 bonus tip: Vraag korting! Met alleen al de vraag zijn er veel bedrijven die iets zakken in de prijs!

Kopen van een producent?

Hieronder is een selectie van diverse producenten per technologie.

Top 5 Molecular sieves producenten

The Universal Oil Products LLC (Honeywell InternationalInc.)
CECA (Arkema Group)
Zeochem AG
Tosoh Corporation
W. R. Grace & Co.-Conn.

Top 5 Activated carbon producenten

Calgon Carbon Corporation
Cabot (Norit)
Jacobi Carbons (OSAKA GAS)
Donau Chemie Group
Ingevity (MWV)

Top 5 Ion exchange producenten

DowDuPont
Finex Oy
ION Exchange
Lanxess
Thermax Limited

Top 5 UV disinfection producenten

Basf
Songwon
Clariant
Solvay
AdekaCorporation

Top 5 Ozone oxidation producenten

Xylem
Ozonia
Mitsubishi Electric
ProMinent
Toshiba

Werken bij bedrijven met zuiveringstechnieken

Zolang er mensen zijn zullen er zuiveringstechnieken nodig zijn, denk aan het zuiveren van lucht, zuiveren van medicijnen, zuiveren van metalen, zuiveren van eten, zuiveren van drinken, zuiveren van vruchtensappen, zuiveren van gassen en ga zo maar door. Mochten men een uitdagend en interessant bedrijf zien in deze boeiende sector, bereid een gesprek dan voor met bijvoorbeeld informatie van onze website, maar gebruik ook sollicitatie tip zoals genoemd op https://www.banenvinden.nl/

Zuiveren en Berekenen

Sun, 21 Apr 2019 00:00:00 GMT

Voor zuiveringstechnieken zal men vaak berekeningen moeten uitvoeren. Om daarbij te helpen hebben we een aantal rekenbladen gemaakt welke hieronder te vinden zijn.

Aquarium volume (Rechthoek) en pomp capaciteit berekenen
Filter volume berekenen (Cylinder)
Media volume in filter berekenen

Aquarium volume en pomp capaciteit berekenen

Wil je het volume van je rechthoekige aquarium weten en hoeveel liter water daar in kan gaan? Gebruik dan onderstaand rekenblad. Voor het gemak hebben we de pomp capaciteit van 4x de inhoud erbij gezet. Dit is natuurlijk ook prima om een zwembad volume mee te berekenen.

Filter volume berekenen

Als je tijdens het zuiveren een filter hebt voor bijvoorbeeld je aquarium of zwembad dan is het handig om het volume van dit filter te weten. Een water filter heeft vaak een vorm van een cylinder. Vul de hoogte en de straal van het filter in en bereken het antwoord.

Media volume in filter berekenen

Bij een filter komt het vaak voor dat de filter media vervangen moet worden. Bij het vullen van het filter met de media is het belangrijk om uit te rekenen hoeveel kg media (zand, rensins, kool) men nodig heeft/moet kopen. Dit kan gebruikt worden voor bijvoorbeeld een zwembad of water filter.

E-nummers - Opinie blog

Tue, 02 Apr 2019 00:00:00 GMT

Zuiveringstechniekenworden toegepast in diverse industrieën zoals bijvoorbeeld in de levensmiddelenindustrie.Diverse voedingsadditieven worden gezuiverd met verschillende technieken, veelvoedingsadditieven krijgen een nummer en dat zijn E-nummers. Over E-nummers isveel gezegd en geschreven vandaar dit opinie blog.

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Zijn E-nummersslecht voor je? Ga je dood aan E-nummers? Zijn E-nummers een samenzwering vanoverheid en multinationals om de mensheid onder controle te brengen? Hetantwoord van sommige mensen is op alles hiervan ja, alleen als je dan vraagtwaarom zijn E-nummers slecht dan krijg je vaak een ongefundeerde mening, of zeworden zelfs boos. Reden genoeg om zelf eens wat antwoorden te zoeken op dezevragen. Via dit E-nummer blog gaan we wat dieper in over hoe slecht of goedE-nummers zijn.

Blog content

Watzijn E-nummers precies?
Watvoor soorten E-nummers zijn er?
Waarvoorworden E-nummers gebruikt en wat is het nut van E-nummers?
WordenE-nummers getest en waarop worden E-nummers getest?
Conclusieover E-nummers?
Bronvermeldingen

Wat zijn E-Nummers precies?

Volgens de websitevan de Nederlandse Voedsel en Waren autoriteit (VWA) zijn E-nummers stoffen ofadditieven die aan een voedingsmiddel worden toegevoegd om ervoor te zorgen dateigenschappen als kleur, geur en smaak bewaard blijven tot het moment vanconsumptie. Deze additieven worden aangeduid met een E-nummer indien ze goedgekeurd zijn door verschillende instanties. E-nummers hebben overigens geenvoedingswaarde wat dan weer positief kan zijn.

Wat voor soorten E-nummers zijn er?

Via wat zoeken op het internet (bijbronnen die informatief zijn en geen jaknikker websites) komen we uiteindelijkop de website van het voedingscentrum en wat blijkt er zijn enorm veelE-nummers die onder te verdelen zijn in diverse groepen; Antiklontermiddelen, antioxidanten,antischuimmiddelen, complexvormers, conserveermiddelen, draagstoffen,drijfgassen, emulgatoren, geleermiddelen, geur- en smaakstoffen, glansmiddelen,kleurstoffen, meelverbeteraars, rijsmiddelen, schuimmiddelen, smaakversterkers,stabilisatoren, verdikkingsmiddelen, verpakkingsgassen, voedingszuren,vulstoffen, zoetstoffen en zuurteregelaars. Dit zijn dus alleen al 23productgroepen waar ook nog allemaal producten inzitten, er zijn dus honderdenE-nummers.

Bovenstaande groepindelingen zijnleuk maar wat misschien nog interessanter is om te kijken of dit natuurlijkeproducten zijn of niet. Je kan hier het volgende zeggen:

Somsworden E-nummers gewonnen uit planten, struiken, bomen of dieren (redelijk biologischen natuurlijk zou ik zeggen)
Somsworden genetische gemodificeerde organismen (GMO’s) gebruikt (niet zonatuurlijk of biologisch)
Soms worden E-nummers gewonnen worden uit gesteentes (gewoon uit de natuur, minerale oorsprong)
Somsworden E-nummer kunstmatig gemaakt in een fabriek door stoffen te bewerken.(dit kan hetzelfde molecuul zijn als in de natuur maar niet altijd, zie5.)
E-nummersdie in de natuur niet voorkomen. Voorbeelden zijn de azo-kleurstoffen (E 102, E 110, E 122, E 123, E 124, E 129, E 151, E 155 en E 180).

Er zijn dus diverse groepenE-nummers waar men op verschillende manieren naar kan kijken, het is dus zekerniet allemaal biologisch.

Waarvoor worden E-nummers gebruikt en wat is het nut van E-nummers?

Dit word eigenlijk al in hetvorige vraagstuk behandeld namelijk de product groepen verraden waar het voorwordt gebruikt: Antiklontermiddelen, antioxidanten, antischuimmiddelen,complexvormers, conserveermiddelen, draagstoffen, drijfgassen, emulgatoren, geleermiddelen,geur- en smaakstoffen, glansmiddelen, kleurstoffen, meelverbeteraars,rijsmiddelen, schuimmiddelen, smaakversterkers, stabilisatoren,verdikkingsmiddelen, verpakkingsgassen, voedingszuren, vulstoffen, zoetstoffenen zuurteregelaars.

In hetalgemeen zijn de eigenschap het verbeteren van bijvoorbeeld de kleur, smaak ofhoudbaarheid van voedingsmiddelen.

Eveneen voorbeeld, men kan bijvoorbeeld ergens lezen:

fytyl-(132 R ,17 S ,18 S )-3-(8-ethyl-132-methoxycarbonyl-2,7,12,18-tetramethyl-13'-oxo-3-vinyl-131-132-17,18-tetrahydrocyclopenta[ at ]porfyrine-17-yl)-propionaat zit in je eten..Dan zouden wij ook wel even schrikken als we dat zouden moeten opeten.

Dit is onderdeelvan E140 wat CHLOROFYLEN is en dat is eenplant extract om mee groen te kleuren. Dit is dus een natuurlijk product, maar alsmen naar de chemische naam kijkt is het wel even schrikken. Hier ziet men ookgelijk de reden om E140 of een synoniem van de naam op een etiket te zettengezien er anders een paar A4tjes per product mag worden toegevoegd. (Synoniemenworden overigens vaak gebruikt wegens de slechte naam van E-nummers, dus vaakzie je niet eens dat je E-nummers eet)

Worden E-nummers getest en waarop worden E-nummers getest?

Op de vraag of E-nummers getestworden is het antwoord ja. Voordat iets een E-nummer genoemd mag worden moet deEuropese autoriteit voor voedselveiligheid (EFSA) bepalen of een toevoeging eenE-nummer krijgt. Dit alles gebeurd na uitgebreid onderzoek door deskundigen vanorganisaties als de World Health Organisation (WHO) en het wetenschappelijkbureau van de EFSA. Als de EFSA dan een stof goedkeurt dan geeft de EuropeseCommissie (EC) de toevoeging E-nummer. Een E-nummer is dus goedgekeurd enveilig volgens de Europese Commissie.

Per E-nummer worden verschillendetests uitgevoerd om te zien of ze goed zijn en voldoen aan de eisen, dit kan somsbest uitgebreid zijn. Dit alles staat beschreven in: “ VERORDENING(EU) Nr. 231/2012 VAN DE COMMISSIE van 9 maart 2012 tot vaststelling van despecificaties van de in de bijlagen II en III bij Verordening (EG) nr.1333/2008 van het Europees Parlement en de Raad opgenomenlevensmiddelenadditieven”. Dit is een 295 paginagroot document met synoniemen, definities,beschrijvingen en tests per E-nummer. (Veel lees plezier)

Conclusie over E-nummers, zijn E-nummers slecht?

Het belangrijkstevan E-nummers is dat ze getest zijn, goedgekeurd zijn, en waar nodig zullen erdoseringen zijn voor maximale inname of toevoeging. Dit maakt E-nummersveiliger dan niet geteste middelen. Wat twijfel kan men hebben bij de nietnatuurlijke E-nummers gezien ze bijvoorbeeld genetisch gemanipuleerd zijn ofkunstmatig gemaakt zijn, al zijn ook deze producten uitgebreid getest engoedgekeurd.

E-nummers zijn zekernuttig want ze kunnen bijvoorbeeld de houdbaarheid van voedingsmiddelenverlengen waardoor er minder weggegooid moet worden. Mijn mening, E-nummersniks mis mee en goed dat ze er zijn, wel denk ik dat sommige E-nummers in detoekomst verboden worden of dat de maximale dosering wordt aangepast simpelwegomdat de testmethodes en inzichten in voedselveiligheid beter zullen worden. Omtot een betere conclusie te komen zou er meer echt onderzoek gedaan moetenworden… maar is dat eigenlijk niet wat de Europese Commissie al voor ons doet?(Maar ja vertrouw je die dan weer is de vraag)

Bronvermeldingen en nuttige websites

Lijst van nuttigewebsites en bronnen die we gebruikt hebben voor het E-nummer blog:

NederlandseVoedsel en Waren autoriteit (VWA)

Voedingscentrum

https://www.voedingscentrum.nl/encyclopedie/e-nummers.aspx

EuropeseCommissie (EC)

https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/NL/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32012R0231&from=EN

https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=celex%3A32012R0231

Wikipedia, lijstvan E-nummers

https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lijst_van_E-nummers

Zuiveringstechnieken in Bierproductie: Een Essentieel Aspect voor Kwaliteit en Smaak

Fri, 01 Mar 2019 20:06:10 GMT

Inleiding - De Kunst van Bierproductie

Bier is een van de oudste en meest geliefde dranken ter wereld. Het produceren van bier vereist echter meer dan alleen het mengen van water, mout, hop en gist. Zuiveringstechnieken spelen een cruciale rol in het brouwproces, waarbij ongewenste stoffen worden verwijderd en de kwaliteit en smaak van het eindproduct worden verbeterd.

Waterzuiveringstechnieken

Water, dat een belangrijk ingrediënt is bij het brouwen van bier, moet van goede kwaliteit zijn. Zuiveringstechnieken zoals filtratie, omgekeerde osmose en actieve koolfiltratie worden gebruikt om onzuiverheden zoals mineralen, chloor en organische stoffen te verwijderen. Door water effectief te zuiveren, kan de brouwer de smaak van het bier nauwkeurig beheersen en ongewenste smaken en geuren vermijden.

Moutzuiveringstechnieken

Mout is de basis van bier en het is essentieel om het te zuiveren om de gewenste smaak en kleur te verkrijgen. Het proces van moutzuivering omvat het verwijderen van ongewenste stoffen zoals stof, zand en onkruidzaden. Dit wordt vaak bereikt door middel van machinale reiniging en zeven, waarbij de moutkorrels grondig worden gereinigd en gecontroleerd op kwaliteit.

Hopzuiveringstechnieken

Hop voegt aroma, bitterheid en smaak toe aan bier, maar het moet ook worden gezuiverd om ongewenste bijproducten te vermijden. Zuivering van hop omvat het verwijderen van overtollige plantmateriaal, zoals stelen en bladeren, evenals onzuiverheden zoals insecten en schimmels. Dit wordt vaak bereikt door het zorgvuldig sorteren en reinigen van de hopbellen, gevolgd door de juiste opslagomstandigheden om de kwaliteit te behouden.

Gistzuiveringstechnieken

Gist is verantwoordelijk voor de fermentatie van suikers in alcohol en koolstofdioxide tijdens het brouwproces. Het zuiveren van gist is belangrijk om de gewenste smaak en consistentie van het bier te bereiken. Er zijn verschillende methoden om gist te zuiveren, waaronder centrifugatie, filtratie en sedimentatie. Deze technieken helpen bij het verwijderen van onzuiverheden, zoals dode gistcellen en andere deeltjes, en zorgen voor een helderder en stabiel bier.

Conclusie:

Zuiveringstechnieken spelen een cruciale rol in het brouwproces van bier. Door water, mout, hop en gist effectief te zuiveren, kunnen brouwers de kwaliteit en smaak van het eindproduct nauwkeurig bepalen

Actieve Kool: Voordelen, Nadelen En Hoe Werkt Het.

Wed, 30 Jan 2019 00:00:00 GMT

In dit blog zullen we ingaan op de zuiveringstechniek actieve kool. We gaan in op de volgende thema’s, wat is actieve kool, hoe werkt actieve kool, wat zijn de voordelen en nadelen van actieve kool en wat kan men eigenlijk verwijderen met actieve koolen waaruit kan men dit verwijderen via deze zuiveringstechniek.

“Een gram actieve kool heefteen oppervlak dat zo groot kan zijn als een voetbalveld”

Wat is actieve kool?

Actieve kool is een speciale koolstof die stoffen aan zich kan binden door het grote oppervlak dat een actievekool heeft. Een gram actieve kool heeft een oppervlak dat zo groot kan zijn alseen voetbalveld. Dit oppervlak zit verdeeld in de micro, meso en marco poriënvan de actieve kool. Actieve kool komt voor in verschillende deeltjes grote en verschillendevormen: poeder, extrudaten, granulaten en bolletjes.

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Hoe wordt actieve kool gemaakt?

Actieve kool kan gemaakt worden via diverse processen en van diverse koolstof houdende grondstoffen. Hetbekendste proces is het stoomactivatie proces waar bij een koolstofbron wordt gecarboniseerd en geactiveerd bij ongeveer 1000 graden met stoom. Een ander proces is chemische activatie waarbij met chemicaliën, bijvoorbeeld fosforzuur,een grondstof wordt geïmpregneerd en dan geactiveerd bij ongeveer 500 graden. Vaak worden natuurlijk grondstoffen gebruikt zoals, steenkool, bruinkool, houtskoolof kokosnootschalen. Er zijn ook niet natuurlijke grondstoffen die gebruikt kunnen worden om actieve kool te maken.

Hoe werkt actieve kool?

Actieve kool heeft door de micro, meso en macro poriën een selectief adsorptie vermogen door de van derWaals krachten. Actieve kool werkt dus op basis van adsorptie (dus niet absorptie). Bij gebruik van actieve kool in bijvoorbeeld water of gas of luchtkomen de componenten die men wil verwijderen via diffusie uiteindelijk in de poriestructuur van de actieve kool waar de adsorptie plaats vindt.

Wat zijn de voordelen van actieve kool?

Zeer hoge verwijderingscapaciteit voor organische componenten
Kosteneffectief product, goede prijs performance
Hergebruik, in sommige gevallen kan actieve kool gereactiveerd worden en opnieuw gebruikt worden

Wat zijn de nadelen van actieve kool?

Niet selectieve verwijdering voor bepaalde componenten
Mogelijke verontreinigingen(bv. Metalen of mineralen) kunnen uitlogen in een vloeistof

Wat kan men verwijderen met actieve kool?

Actieve kool is de kampioen in hoeveelheid zuiveringstoepassingen. Denk hierbij aan toepassingenals hieronder;

Geneeskunde, verwijderen van kleuren of verwijderen van giftige stoffen.
Waterzuivering, verwijderenvan minerale olie, verwijdering van BTEX, verwijderen van poly aromatischkoolwaterstoffen (PAK’s) en verwijderen van fenolen.
Procesindustrie, verwijderen van dioxines en polychloorbifenylen.
Voedingsindustrie,verwijderen van kleuren en verwijderen van geuren.
Vruchtensappen,verwijderen van fenolen en verwijderen van patoline
Suiker, verwijderen van kleur
Biogas, verwijderen vanVOC’s en verwijderen van H2S of siloxanen.
Rookgas, verwijderen van dioxines.
Rookgas, verwijderen van kwik
Water, verwijderen van contaminants of emerging concern (CECs)

In dit blog zijn we ingaan op de basis van de zuiveringstechniek actieve kool. We zijn ingegaan op devolgende thema’s wat is actieve kool, hoe werkt actieve kool, hoe wordt actievekool gemaakt en wat zijn de voordelen en nadelen van actieve kool en wat kan men eigenlijk verwijderen met actieve kool. Lees ook onze andere en toekomstige blogs over diverse zuiveringstechnieken.

Beluchten

Tue, 29 Jan 2019 00:00:00 GMT

In dit blog zullen we ingaan op de zuiveringstechniek beluchten. We gaan in op de volgende thema’s, wat is beluchten, hoe werkt beluchten, wat zijn de voordelen en nadelen van beluchten en wat kan men eigenlijk verwijderen met beluchten en waaruit kan men dit verwijderen via deze zuiveringstechniek.

“Naast het zuiveren wordt tijdens beluchten zuurstof aan water toegevoegd”

Wat is beluchten?

Beluchten is het in contact brengen van een vloeistoffase met lucht, dit gebeurd in de waterzuiveringsindustrie bijvoorbeeld door het gebruik van een turbine aerator die lucht door het water pompt. Beluchting van water kan ook gebeuren via bijvoorbeeld cascades, versproeing en plaatbeluchters.

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Hoe werkt beluchten?

Bij beluchting worden in water opgeloste stoffen in contact gebracht met de gasfase (lucht). Door de concentratieverschillen in het water en in de lucht kunnen stoffen in het watergebracht worden, bijvoorbeeld zuurstof dat in het water komt, dan wel uit hetwater aan de gasfase overgedragen worden (verwijderen van bijvoorbeeld koolzuur). Het laatste van de twee is de zuiveringstechniek beluchten.

Een zuiveringstechniek die ook gebruik maakt van verschil in concentraties van vloeistof en lucht zijn vacuüminstallaties of vacuümontgassers, deze zorgen door het creëren van een vacuüm dat de oplosbaarheid van een ongewenst producti n de waterfase verlaagd wordt en hierdoor makkelijker te verwijderen is.

Wat zijn de voordelen van beluchten?

Lucht hoeft niet aangeschaft te worden
Natuurlijk proces
Effectief, onder juiste condities effectieve verwijdering mogelijk
Toevoeging, zuurstof wordt aan het water toegevoegd
Mengen, beluchten zorgt ervoor dat het water goed gemengd wordt en homogeen blijft

Wat zijn de nadelen van beluchten?

Kosten, beluchten kost energie
Verstopte leidingen, hogere mechanische belasting en aantasting van beluchters door bijvoorbeeldkalklagen die zich vormen (door de aerobe zuivering slaat het calciumcarbonaatmogelijk neer)
Geur, mogelijke geuremissies naar de omgeving
Gebruikte Luchtmoet vaak gezuiverd worden
Gevoelig, lage (buiten)temperatuurkan het rendement van het luchtstrippen verminderen

Wat kan men verwijderen met beluchting?

Via de zuiveringstechniekbeluchting kan men onder andere vluchtige verbindingen, vluchtige organischeverbindingen (VOC’s) en koolzuur verwijderen. Men kan deze componentenverwijderen uit bijvoorbeeld rioolwater, afvalwater en grondwater. Een zeer positievebijkomstigheid is dat men ook componenten als zuurstof kan toevoegen.

In dit blog zijn we ingaan op de basis van de zuiveringstechniek beluchting. We zijn ingegaan opde volgende thema’s wat is beluchting, hoe werkt beluchting, wat zijn de voordelen en nadelen van beluchting en wat kan men eigenlijk verwijderen via beluchting. Lees ook onze andere en toekomstige blogs over diverse zuiveringstechnieken.

Coagulatie

Sat, 26 Jan 2019 00:00:00 GMT

In dit blog zullen we ingaan op de zuiveringstechniek coagulatie. We gaan in op de volgende thema’s wat is coagulatie, hoe werkt coagulatie, wat zijn de voordelen en nadelen van coagulatie en wat kan men eigenlijk verwijderen via coagulatie.

“Via coagulatie kan mendiverse kleine deeltjes verwijderen”

Wat is coagulatie?

Om coagulatie te begrijpen is het belangrijk om te weten wat een colloïde is en wat coagulatie is. Coagulatie is bij waterzuivering het destabiliseren van colloïdale deeltjes door hun lading te neutraliseren met een toegevoegde chemische stof, een zogenoemdecoagulant.

Een colloïde is een heel klein deeltje dat wel iets groter is dan een molecuul en een diameter heefttussen de 1 en de 1000 nanometer. Deze deeltjes kunnen vast, vloeibaarof gasvormig zijn. Een colloïdaal systeem waarbij de deeltjes vast zijn en het medium vloeibaar is, of andere gezegd een colloïdale suspensie, bevindt zich in een toestand die het midden houdt tussen een oplossing en een neerslag. Deze deeltjes zijn dus vaak lastig te verwijderen.

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Hoe werkt coagulatie?

Bij coagulatie gaat het omhet destabiliseren van colloïdale deeltjes door het toevoegen van chemicaliën. Hierdoor zullen deze deeltjes samen klonteren (door van der Waals krachten) tot grotere agglomeraten (deeltjes of vlokken).

Er wordt in de waterindustrie bijvoorbeeld een coagulatiemiddel zoals FeCl3 gebruikt samen met het te behandelen water, de FeCl3 zorgt ervoor dat het proces van coagulatie in een filter of vat plaats kan vinden. Vaak wordt ernog een andere zuiveringstechniek toegepast om de gevormde deeltjes te verwijderen, de deeltjes bezinken of gaan drijven in het water. Bezinkte deeltjes verwijderen gaat meestal via sedimentatie en de drijvende deeltjes verwijderen via flotatie, of het water gaat over een filter en spreek men van filtratie. Inmenging van een coagulant dient zo snel mogelijkplaats te vinden voor een effectieve werking. Hoge kortstondige mengenergie is hierbij een vereiste. (De vlokvorming (deeltjesvorming) dient echter bij een lage mengenergie plaats te vinden).

Belangrijk bij het toepassen van coagulatie is bepalen van de juiste coagulant, de optimale pH-waarde, de juiste dosering. Voor het bepalen hiervan worden in de praktijktesten uitgevoerd, deze testen worden Jar-testen genoemd.

Wat zijn de voordelen van coagulatie?

Kleine installaties, hoogdebiet mogelijk met een relatief kleine installatie
Robuust proces, zekerheid
Goed rendement, hoge verwijderingsrendementen te behalen voor moeilijk te verwijderen deeltjes

Wat zijn de nadelen van coagulatie?

Neerslag van calciumcarbonaat (kalk) door mogelijke pH veranderingen in filter of leidingen
Gebruik van chemicaliën nodig, ten opzichte van bijvoorbeeld beluchting
Kosten, verontreinigde slib moet vaak nog verwerkt worden.

Wat kan men verwijderen via coagulatie?

Via coagulatie kan men diverse kleine deeltjes verwijderen zoals, fosfaten (orto en totaal P), humus-en fulvinezuren. Daarnaast kan met ook vetten, koolhydraten, eiwitten, micro-organismenen (zware) metalen reduceren. Coagulatie wordt toepast in onder andere dedrinkwater, textiel, waterzuivering, voeding, en metaalbehandeling industrie.

In dit blog zijn we ingegaan op de basis van de zuiveringstechniek coagulatie. We zijn ingegaan op de volgende thema’s wat is coagulatie, hoe werkt coagulatie, wat zijn de voordelen en nadelen van coagulatie en wat kan men eigenlijk verwijderen via coagulatie. Lees ook onze andere en toekomstige blogs over diverse zuiveringstechnieken.

Roken ongezond - Opinie blog

Fri, 25 Jan 2019 00:00:00 GMT

Zuiveringstechnieken kunnen worden ingezetom sigaretten rook te verwijderen uit ruimtes en soms zitten in sigarettenfilterszuiveringstechnologieën. Roken is ongezond vandaar een opinie blog met watextra informatie.

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Als je vraagt aan een willekeurig persoonin deze wereld of roken van sigaretten gezond is dan zullen ze zeggen, het is ergongezond... inmiddels weet iedereen het; roken van tabak is heel ongezond.Sterker nog, elke nog niet ontdekte stam in de Amazone of buitenaardse wezensdie ons bezoeken weet het zelfs, het is ongezond. Er is zoveel ongezond zullende rokers terugzeggen en het is toch fijn als de weg naar de hel is geasfalteerd.

Roken, de geschiedenis

Er is natuurlijk iemand geweest die dachtik ga roken (mensen experimenteren nu eenmaal graag en stoppen graag objectenin hun mond) en dit was lang geleden in een land ver hier vandaan. Volgensverschillende bronnen rookten de Maya’s in Zuid-Amerika er in het jaar 500 algoed oplos, later in de 15de eeuw heeft Christoffel Columbus dit concept meegenomenen werd dit verder vermarkt door heel Europa en de rest van de wereld. Rond de20ste eeuw was roken normaal en ongeveer iedereen rookte (De belasting was toennog niet zo hoog op sigaretten dus iedereen kon het ook betalen).

Kosten van een pakje sigaretten

Dat een pakje sigaretten duur is daar zijnwe het wel over eens, maar wat kost dit in andere landen ongeveer. Hier eenlijst met de prijzen van een aantal goedkope en dure landen, deze prijzen zijnnatuurlijk prijsindicaties;

Mongolië, pakje sigaretten kost 55 cent

China, pakje sigaretten kost 90 cent

India, pakje sigaretten kost 1 euro en 40 cent

Rusland, pakje peuken kost ongeveer 1 euro en 70 cent

Letland, pakje sigaretten kost ongeveer 3 euro en 20 cent

Monaco, pakje sigaretten kost ongeveer 5 euro

Luxemburg, pakje sigaretten kost ongeveer 5 euro en 20 cent

Nederland, pakje sigaretten kost ongeveer 8 euro

Canada, pakje sigaretten kost ongeveer 9 euro

Engeland, pakje sigaretten kost ongeveer 11 euro

Noorwegen, pakje sigaretten kost ongeveer 13 euro

Australië, pakje sigaretten kost ongeveer 25 euro (hoppa das een hoop)

Als we zo naar dit rijtje met kosten kijkenweten we wel welke kant het in Nederland op gaat met de prijs van een pakjesigaretten in de toekomst (en dat zal niet naar beneden zijn).

Roken is ongezond

Na jaren van onderzoek, rechtszaken en nog veelmeer onderzoek is het nu toch wel aardig bekend dat roken niet goed voor je is.Roken veroorzaakt ziektes, roken zorgt dat je minder zaad produceert en ga zomaar door. De pakjes sigaretten staan vol met mooie teksten en afbeeldingenover de effecten van roken, hierover later nog meer.

Stel een vriend vraagt je; Ik heb hier ietsvoor je, het is ongezond, je wordt er ziek van, je kwaliteit van leven gaatachteruit en het is duur, wil je dit hebben? Als we aannemen dat je redelijkverstandig bent zou je antwoord zijn; Euh nee, gaat het wel goed met je? Hierlijkt het antwoord normaal, maar is het met roken niet anders dan bij ditvoorbeeld? Denk daar maar eens over na.

Wat zit er in sigaretten?

Volgens de website Niquitin.nl zit in iederesigaret een cocktail van chemicaliën, waaronder formaldehyde, pesticiden, cyanide,kwik en arseen. Wat zit er naast deze cocktail nog meer in:

Nicotine, destof die zorgt dat je zin krijgt of verslaafd raakt aan sigaretten. Dit is dusde stof die zorgt dat stoppen met roken een lastig en moeilijk proces is voorveel mensen.

Koolstofmonoxide, dit inhaleer je en kan of heeft een effect hebben op de zuurstofopname in het bloed.

Teer, debruine bagger die je ziet en zorgt dat je bruine tanden krijgt enkankerverwekkende stof in je longen krijgt.

Naast deze stoffen zitten deze schadelijke stoffen ook nog eens intabaksrook

Benzeen , een chemischestof die werd gebruikt voor de productie van benzine voordat bekend werd dathet leukemie en andere soorten kanker veroorzaakt
Ammoniak , wordt gebruiktin schoonmaakproducten
Aceton , dit zit onderandere in verfverdunner en nagellakverwijderaar
Waterstofcyanide , een giftig gas wat in onder andere goudproductie wordt gebruikt
Cadmium , de werkzame stofin accuzuur
Butaan , dit wordt onderandere gebruikt in aanstekervloeistof en voor gasflessen op de camping

Deze lijstbekijkend zitten er toch aardig wat stoffen in tabak waar men niet echt erg blijvan wordt. Als al deze stoffen via roken in je lichaam terecht komen dan is datnatuurlijk slecht voor je gezondheid. Helaas zijn sigaretten geen multifunctioneleproducten en wordt het dus niet als bijvoorbeeld nagelakverwijderaar of schoonmaakproduct gebruikt.

Stoppen met roken

“Ik heb al zoveel gelezen over roken ,dat ik gestopt ben met lezen.”

Stoppen metroken is meestal een goed plan en selecteer een datum wanneer je wilt stoppenmet roken en doe dit dan op een manier die bij jou past, zoals met een stoppen met roken app, een stoppen metroken zelfhulp-programma op internet, een stoppen met roken groepscursus of eenpersoonlijke begeleider. Kijk bijvoorbeeld op de website van: https://www.thuisarts.nl/stoppen-met-roken voor meer tips.

Zelfs desigaretten makers zetten (verplicht) teksten op de pakjes dat het ongezond isen moedigen stoppen hiermee aan te stoppen, zie hier enkele voorbeelden vandeze teksten;

Rokers sterven jonger
Roken vermindert de vruchtbaarheid
Roken beschadigt uw longen
Roken beschadigt uw gebit en tandvlees
Uw rook is schadelijk voor uw kinderen, familie envrienden
Stop nu – blijf leven voor je naaste familie en vrienden
Kinderen van rokers gaan zelf vaak ook roken
Roken verstopt uw slagaderen

Roken is goed voor de medemens

Een pakje sigaretten kost inmiddels al sneleen euro of 8, wat toch echt niet goedkoop is. Positief punt, je betaalt veelbelasting en dat gaat voor een deel toch weer naar andere mensen. Rokers vindenzichzelf vaak sociaal.

“Van rokers kunnen we verdraagzaamheidleren. Ik heb nog nooit een roker ontmoet die tegen niet - rokers is.”

Er zijn veel mening over roken, en de vraagis wat vind je zelf en is het wel goed voor je? (Het antwoord hierop zullen we eigenlijk wel weten)

Ionenwisselaar: Voordelen, nadelen en hoe het werkt

Wed, 23 Jan 2019 00:00:00 GMT

In dit blog zullen we ingaan op de zuiveringstechniek ionenwisselaars. We gaan in op de volgende thema’s, wat is een ionenwisselaar, hoe werkt een ionenwisselaar, wat zijn de voordelen en nadelen van ionenwisselaars en wat kan men eigenlijk verwijderen met ionenwisselaars en waaruit kan dit.

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Wat is een ionenwisselaar?

Ionenwisselaars (IEX) zijn bolletjes van gesulfoneerde kunsthars die ongewenste ionen uit eenvloeistof (normaal gesproken water bijvoorbeeld; proceswater, condensaatwater, zwembadwater) kunnen verwijderen door ze uit te wisselen tegen andere ionen diezich in de kunsthars bevinden. De vloeistof wordt hierbij over een metbolletjes ionenwisselaarhars gevulde kolom gegoten. De bolletjes zijn een vastestof, en dit wordt ook vaak een hars of adsorbens genoemd.

Er zijn overigens ook nog non-ionisch harsen, deze zijn instaat om bijvoorbeeld organischeverontreinigingen als tri-chlooretheen en tetra-chlooretheen te verwijderen.

Hoe werkt een ionenwisselaar?

Een ionenwisselaar werkt op basis van uitwisseling van ionen (zoals de naam al zegt).Een klein beetje achtergrondinformatie over wat een ion is; een ion is een elektrischgeladen atoom of molecuul dat in bijvoorbeeld water aanwezig is als K+ Na+,CA2+ of Cl-, positieve ionen noemt men kationen en negatieve ionen anionen. Wilmen negatieve ionen verwijderen dan neemt men een anionwisselaar, wil menpositieve ionen verwijderen dan kan men een kationen wisselaar gebruiken.In sommige gevallen kan men beide in één systeem doen dit noemt men een mixed bed(mengbedsysteem).

Na verloop vantijd is een ionenwisselaar verzadigd, deze kan met een regeneratiemiddel geregenereerdworden, meestal is dit een zuur of een base.

De harsdeeltjes hebbenvaak een uniforme deeltjesgrootte. Een uniforme deeltjesgrote heeft een aantalvoordelen ten opzichte van een grote spreiding van de deeltjesgrote van de harsdeeltjes.Voordelen zijn onder andere; een betere waterkwaliteit, betere scheiding ingelaagde bedden en mengbedden, hogere efficiëntie en een grotere mechanischestabiliteit.

Wat zijn de voordelen van een ionenwisselaar?

Selectieveverwijdering is mogelijk door de juiste ionenwisselaar te kiezen
Hoog rendementvoor kationen en anionen verwijdering is mogelijk
Regeneratie vanhet bed geeft een zeer lange levensduur (nadeel zuur en base nodig = kosten)
Ionenwisselaarkunnen ook goed werken bij een lage waterdruk

Wat zijn de nadelen van een ionenwisselaar?

Gevoelig voor vervuiling,denk hierbij bijvoorbeeld aan gesuspendeerde deeltjes
Hars kan gevoeligzijn vooroxiderende stoffen
Kosten van zurenen basen voor regeneratie
Vaak eenvoorzuiveringsstap nodig als bijvoorbeeld beluchting van het water,sedimentatie en zandfiltratie.
Afvoerkosten vande gebruikte zuren en basen voor regeneratie

Wat kan men verwijderen met een ionenwisselaar?

Met een ionenwisselaar kan men kationen (bijvoorbeeld, K+, Na+, CA2+, Fe3+, Cu2+, Mg+)en anionen (bijvoorbeeld Cl-, SO3 2-, NO3-, CO3 2-) verwijderen uit onderandere drinkwater, bronwater proceswater en condensaatwater.

In dit blog hebben we een basiskennis gegeven over de betekenis en werking van de zuiveringstechniek ionenwisselaar, we zijn hier ingegaan op wat is een ionenwisselaar, hoe werkt een ionenwisselaar, wat zijn de voor en nadelen van ionenwisselaars en wat kan men verwijderen met een ionenwisselaar en uit wat voor soort vloeistof kan dit. Lees ook onze andere en toekomstige blogs over diverse zuiveringstechnieken.

Zandfiltratie: 6 Punten Die Jij Wilt Weten

Mon, 21 Jan 2019 00:00:00 GMT

Snelle en langzame zandfiltratie

In dit blogzullen we ingaan op de basis van snelle en langzame zandfiltratie. We gaan in op de volgendethema’s wat is zandfiltratie, hoe werkt zandfiltratie, wat zijn de verschillen tussen snelle en langzame zandfiltratie, wat zijn de voordelen en nadelen van eenzandfilter en wat kan men eigenlijk verwijderen met zandfiltratie.

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Wat is een zandfilter

Een zandfilter is, zoals men zou verwachten bij deze naam, een filter dat gevuld is met zand. In een zandfilter zit zand van verschillende deeltjesgrootte en onderaan een zandfilter zit een poreuze dubbele bodem (collector). Zandfilters kan men hebben van zeer groot tot klein afhankelijk van het debiet aan vloeistof (meestal water) dat door dit filter gaat. Het zand zit vaak in een filter van staal, kunststof of beton.

Hoe werkt zandfiltratie

Een zandfilter werkt op een manier waarbij het water van boven naar onder door een zandbed stroomt, hierbij wordt zand van een bepaalde deeltjesgrote gebruikt. De deeltjesgrote van het zand is afhankelijk van wat men uit het water wil verwijderen, vaak ziet men ook dat er verschillende lagen worden gebruikt met verschillende deeltjesgrootte om diverse zwevende deeltjes te verwijderen. In het zandbed ontstaat een poreuze laag die zorgt voor de werking van het filter.

De verwijderde deeltjeszullen in de bovenste laag van een zandfilter accumuleren en na verloop vantijd zal er meer druk nodig zijn om het water door het zandfilter te krijgen. Om te voorkomen dat een filter verstopt raakt zal men na verloop van tijd een zandfilter terug moeten spoelen waarbij de te verwijderen deeltjes uit het filter gespoeld worden en het filter weer opnieuw gebruikt kan worden. Dit terugspoelen doet men door de stroomrichting van het water om te keren.

Wat is het verschil tussen snelle en langzame zandfiltratie

Het verschil tussen snelle en langzame zandfiltratie is dat bij een langzaam zandfilter, naast de mechanische manier van verwijderen, ook op een biologische wijze organischmateriaal afgebroken wordt, dit komt omdat er zich een biomassa in het filtervormt. Een langzaam zandfilter kan men niet terugspoelen omdat men dan de biomassa uit het filter spoelt en deze dan zijn biologische werking verliest.

Wat zijn de voordelen van een zandfilter

Diverse zwevende deeltjes kunnen verwijderend worden
Eenvoudig en simpel proces
Effectieve verwijdering

Wat zijn de nadelen van een zandfilter

Terugspoel water moet behandeld worden (extra kosten)
Filters kunnen verstoppen (groot nadeel bij langzame zandfiltratie)
Fijnstof in water wat te fijn is om te verwijderen

Wat kan men verwijderen met zandfiltratie

Met zandfiltratie kan men onder andere het volgende verwijderen; vast zwevende deeltjes, slib, insecten, zaadjes,neergeslagen ijzer en mangaan deeltjes. Dit wordt verwijderd uit bijvoorbeeld oppervlaktewater, koelwater, afvalwater, proceswater, zwembadwater en drinkwater

In dit blog zijn we ingegaan op de basis van zandfiltratie (snelle en langzame zandfiltratie). We zijn hier ingegaan op de volgende punten, wat is zandfiltratie, hoe werkt zandfiltratie, wat zijn de verschillen tussen snelle en langzame zandfiltratie, wat zijn de voordelen en nadelen van een zandfilter en wat kan men eigenlijk verwijderen met een zandfilter. Lees ook onze andere en toekomstige blogs over diverse zuiveringstechnieken.

Ozon oxidatie

Mon, 21 Jan 2019 00:00:00 GMT

In dit blog zullen we ingaan op de zuiveringstechniek ozon oxidatie. We gaan in op de volgende thema’s, wat is ozon oxidatie, hoe werkt ozon oxidatie, wat zijn de voordelen en nadelen van ozon oxidatie en wat kan men eigenlijk verwijderen (oxideren)met ozon oxidatie.

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Wat is ozon oxidatie?

Om te begrijpen wat ozon oxidatie is, is het belangrijk om eerst te weten wat ozon is. Ozon is een enkelvoudigestof van het element zuurstof, met als brutoformule O3. Bij kamertemperatuur en normale druk is ozon een gas watkleurloos tot lichtblauw is. Ozon heeft een onaangename geur en is prikkelend.In tegenstelling tot normaal zuurstof (O2) is Ozon een sterk oxidator, daarom spreektmen van ozon oxidatie.

Het volgende punt wat men dient te begrijpen is wat oxidatie is. Oxidatie is een chemisch proces waarbij eenstof (reductor) elektronen afgeeft aan een andere stof (oxidator), zodat het oxidatiegetal vande reductor toeneemt. In water vervalt ozon in de zeer reactieve OH-radicalen. Deze radicalen zijn zeer kortlevende verbindingen die nog sterker kunnen oxideren dan de ozon zelf.

Hoe wordt ozon geproduceerd?

Ozon is een gas dat geproduceerd wordt uit lucht, vaak droge lucht omdat dit een beter rendement geeft. Door hoge elektrische spanning toe te passen (Coronaontlading), wordt zuurstof (O₂) uit de lucht omgezet in ozon (O₃) .

Hoe werkt ozon oxidatie?

Zoals hierboven beschreven, berust de werking van ozon op oxidatie, dus het is geen echte verwijdering want componenten verdwijnen niet. De oxidatie kan gebeuren via directe reacties met ozon of via indirecte reacties met bijvoorbeeld OH-radicalen. De componenten in bijvoorbeeld water worden geoxideerd. In het geval van micro-organismen worden bijvoorbeeld de celwanden en het genetischmateriaal van cellen geoxideerd

Wat zijn de voordelen van ozon oxidatie

Breed inzetbaar voor oxidatie van diverse componenten
Geoxideerde stoffen zijn beter te verwijderen via andere zuiveringstechnieken
Geen transport nodig,wordt op locatie geproduceerd

Wat zijn denadelen van ozon oxidatie

Geen verwijdering, er wordt geoxideerd en niet verwijderd
Korte desinfecterende werking
Veiligheid, Ozonreageert met bromide tot bromaat (kankerverwekkende stof)
Vaste deeltjes kunnen de werking van ozon nadelig beïnvloeden
Veiligheid, sterke oxiderende middelen zijn gevaarlijk en schadelijk voor de gezondheid

Wat kan men “verwijderen”via ozon oxidatie?

Ozon wordt vaak toegepast voor de desinfecterende werking (tegen ziekteverwekkende organismen, pathogenen, bacteriën, virussen en endospore), maar ook om componenten als ongewenstekleur, geur, en smaken (organische componenten) te oxideren. Ook organischemicroverontreinigingen, zoals bestrijdingsmiddelen en geneesmiddelen wordendoor ozon geoxideerd. De geoxideerde stoffen zijn vaak minder goed oplosbaar inwater waardoor deze met andere zuiveringstechnieken beter verwijderenkunnen worden.

Ozon wordt vaak toegepast bij drinkwaterproductie, zwembadwater en koelwater zuivering, bestrijdingvan geuroverlast en het desinfecteren van afvalwater.

In dit blog zijnwe ingegaan op de basis van ozon oxidatie. We zijn ingegaan op de volgende punten voor ozon oxidatie, wat is ozon oxidatie, hoe werkt ozon oxidatie, watzijn de voordelen en nadelen van ozon oxidatie en wat kan men eigenlijk verwijderen met ozon oxidatie. Lees ook onze andere en toekomstige blogs over diverse zuiveringstechnieken.

UV Desinfectie: 5 Dingen Die Je Moet Weten

Thu, 17 Jan 2019 00:00:00 GMT

In dit blog zullen we ingaan op de basis van de zuiveringstechniek UV (Ultraviolet) Desinfectie/Sterilisatie. In dit blog gaan we in op de volgende thema’s wat is UV precies, hoe werkt UV Desinfectie/Sterilisatie, wat zijn de voordelen en nadelen van UV en wat kan men eigenlijk verwijderen met UV licht.

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UV, wat is het?

UV betekent Ultraviolet (soms wordt dit ook black light of UV licht genoemd) en dit is elektromagnetischestraling die net buiten het deel van het spectrum dat met het menselijk oog nog te zien is. De golflengte van ultraviolette straling ligt tussen 100 en 400 nm (nanometer). Ultraviolet licht heeft een korteregolflengte dan zichtbaar licht, door de kortere golflengte is het energierijker. Doordat UV energierijker is kan het ionisatiepotentiaal van organischemoleculen bereiken worden en daarmee kunnen chemische reacties in gang gezetworden.

In verband met de effecten van ultraviolet licht op mens en milieu wordt onderscheid gemaakt tussen UV A, UVB en UV C. Zie hieronder per UV type wat het verschil is:

UV A is ultraviolettestraling met een golflengte tussen ca. 315 en 400 nm ("langegolven").
UV B heeft een golflengte tussen 280 en 315 nm.
UV C heeft een golflengte tussen 100 en 280 nm ("kortgolvige straling")
UV C wordt door de kortgolvige straling ingezet bij desinfectie en sterilisatie toepassingen.

Hoe werkt UV C?

UV C-desinfectieberust op de absorptie van UV C-straling door bijvoorbeeld micro-organismen.Bij de absorptie van de UV-C wordt het DNA en het RNA van micro-organismen beschadigd, waardoor de micro-organismen zich niet meer kunnen voortplanten. Net als bij een gewone lamp wordt bij UV-lampen het vermogen uitgedrukt in Watts (W). Des te meer Watts de UV lamp heeft des te meer vermogen eneffect voor desinfectie of sterilisatie deze lamp zal hebben.

Voordelen van UV licht

UV heeft geen toevoeging van chemicaliën die smaak, geur en kleur kunnen beïnvloeden nodig of die er later weer uit gezuiverd moeten worden.
UV is milieuvriendelijk. Er ontstaan in principe geen schadelijke tussenproducten en kost alleen energie.
UV licht heeft veel toepassingsgebieden en is een effectieve desinfectie methode
UV licht werkt snel, veilig en is eenvoudig in gebruik en onderhoud
UV licht heeft lage energie kosten

Nadelen van UV licht

UV licht dient de juiste energie te geven om effectief te zijn
UV licht is effectief voor micro-organismen niet voor chemicaliën
UV licht verwijderd niet, maar breekt alleen af

Wat kan men verwijderen(afbreken) met UV?

Bij UV-desinfectieen sterilisatie worden micro-organismen, zoals bacteriën, virussen, schimmels en sporen op of in allerlei materialen of stoffen gedood of sterk verminderd inaantal. Het steriliseren en desinfecteren van lucht en water gebeurt vooral met behulp van UV licht.

Ultraviolet licht wordt vaak in combinatie met peroxide gebruikt en breekt organischeafvalstoffen af en maakt organische microverontreinigingen onschadelijk, met spreekt dus meer over afbreken dan verwijderen bij UV licht.

In dit blog hebben we een basiskennis gegeven over de betekenis van UV licht en zijn we ingegaan op hoe deze zuiveringstechniek werkt, wat de voor en nadelen zijn enwat men er mee kan afbreken. Lees ook onze andere en toekomstige blogs over zuiveringstechnieken.